Sūrya Siddhānta
विक्षेपो दक्षिणे भागैः खार्णवैः स्वाद् अपक्रमात् / हुतभुग्ब्रह्महृदयौ वृषे द्वाविम्शभागगौ // अष्टाभिस् त्रिम्शता चैव विक्षिप्ताव् उत्तरेण तौ / गोलम् लब्ध्वा परीक्षेत विक्षेपम् ध्रुवकम् स्फुटम् //
11. ... Agni (hutabhuj) and Brahmahrdaya are in Taurus, the twenty-second degree; 12. And they are removed in latitude (vikshipta), northward, eight and thirty degrees respectively. . . . — E. Burgess (1860)
Burgess: 'Brahmahrdaya, "Brahma's heart," is α Aurigae or Capella'.
Later siddhāntas & al-Bīrūnī · SS core c. 400–600 CE; al-Bīrūnī 1030 CE
अभिजिद् ब्रह्महृदयम् स्वातीवैष्णववासवाः / अहिर्बुध्न्यम् उदक्स्थत्वान् न लुप्यन्ते ऽर्करश्मिभिः //
18. Abhijit, Brahmahrdaya, Svati, Çravana (vāishnava), Çravishtha (vāsava), and Uttara-Bhādrapadā (ahirbudhnya), owing to their northern situation, are not extinguished by the sun's rays. — Al-Bīrūnī (Sachau): 'They are, according to the author of the Ghurrat-alzījāt, the following:—13° for Suhail, Alyamāniya, Alwāki', Alayyūk, Alsimākān, Kalb-al-akrab...' and, from Vijayanandin: 'Some stars are not covered by the rays nor impaired in their shining by the sun, viz. Alayyūk, Alsimāk, Alrāmiḥ, the two Eagles, Dhanishtha, and Uttarabhādrapadā, because they have so much northern latitude.' — E. Burgess (1860); E. Sachau (1910) for al-Bīrūnī
Named twice in SS ch. 9: at 9.12 among the 13°-visibility stars, and at 9.18 among the six never extinguished by the sun's rays 'owing to their northern situation'. Burgess adds that Prajāpati (δ Aurigae) is not counted here 'since it is 8° north of Brahmahrdaya, and consequently can not become invisible where the latter does not'. DECISIVE INDEPENDENT CONFIRMATION: al-Bīrūnī reproduces both lists in Arabic star names, and al-Ayyūq is unambiguously Capella in Arabic astronomy — so the identification is settled without relying on the Hindu coordinate data at all. The same passage settles Svātī = Arcturus (al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ) the same way.
Sūrya Siddhānta 9.12 and 9.18; al-Bīrūnī, India ch. LVI ·
text ·
translationVaṭeśvara & Sāmanta · composed 1869 CE (Śaka 1791); edited by Joges Chandra Ray, Calcutta 1899
हुतभुग्ब्रह्महृदययोः पञ्चाशां५२शा ध्रुवश्च सौरोक्ताः ।
प्रथमस्याष्टौ८ त्रिंश३० द्वितीयभस्योत्तरं ष्वंशाः ॥ २९ ॥
ब्रह्महृदयपूर्व्वस्यां पञ्चभिरंशैः प्रजापतिर्वसति ।
तस्योत्तरविक्षेपः कुञ्जररामां३८शकोऽप्युदितः ॥ ३० ॥
आधुनिकैरभियुक्तैर्निश्चित्योक्तं पृथक् च संस्थानम् ।
हुतभुग्ब्रह्महृदययोः प्रजापतेस्तत्पुनर्वच्मि ॥ ३१ ॥
हुतभुग्ध्रुवः सपादाष्टार्थीं५८।१५शाः साद्धिपञ्च५।१५ सौम्यशरः ।
षड्विकलास्तन्मानं ध्रुवः पुनर्ब्रह्महृदयस्य ॥ ३२ ॥
अङ्कार्धाः५६ सौम्यशरस्त्रिभुज२३लवा नृपा१६स्तनूविकलाः ।
सोमभ(५)याम्यगतो यो लुब्धक एतत्प्रजापतिभम् ॥ ३३ ॥
Devanagari transcribed by the compiler from the page FACSIMILE (archive.org scan leaf n220 = printed p. 118) because the archive.org OCR of this volume is unusable for Devanagari; the page image itself was fetched in this session at https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.292705/page/n220.jpg . Every numeral was re-read at full scan resolution. Cross-checked against a second, independent scan of the same Ray edition at https://archive.org/download/siddhantadarpanachandrashekarsimha1897_252_Z/ , which agrees character for character on the figures. Round brackets and the figures in them are the PRINTED EDITION'S own: (n) is the serial number of the asterism/star, the figure after it the edition's decoding of the preceding bhūtasaṅkhyā word-numeral, so no numeral has been silently converted here. A handful of the compound word-forms in this worn 1899 type are uncertain and are marked in this database as read, not emended; the FIGURES, which carry the astronomy, were verified at high magnification in both scans.
(29) 'Of Hutabhuj and Brahmahṛdaya the dhruvas stated by the Saura are fifty-two degrees; the first's [latitude is] eight, the second asterism's thirty, northern degrees. (30) Five degrees east of Brahmahṛdaya dwells Prajāpati; its northern deflection is also stated as thirty-eight degrees. (31) But a different position, having been determined, has been stated by modern experts for Hutabhuj, Brahmahṛdaya and Prajāpati; I state that again. (32) Hutabhuj's dhruva is fifty-eight degrees fifteen [minutes]; its northern arrow five degrees fifteen; its measure six vikalās. Again, the dhruva of Brahmahṛdaya: (33) fifty-six; its northern arrow twenty-three degrees; its body sixteen vikalās. That Lubdhaka which lies south of Soma's asterism (5) — this is the asterism of Prajāpati.' — Literal rendering by the compiler
★ ONE OF THE THREE STARS SĀMANTA EXPLICITLY RE-DETERMINES AGAINST THE TRADITION. XII.29 first reports the inherited (Saura) figures: Hutabhuj and Brahmahṛdaya both at dhruva 52°, with latitudes 8° and 30° north respectively. XII.31 then says: 'A different position, determined [by observation], has been stated by modern experts (āghunikair abhiyuktaiḥ) for Hutabhuj, Brahmahṛdaya and Prajāpati; I state that [now].' XII.33 gives Brahmahṛdaya's corrected dhruva as 56° with a northern śara of 23° and a disc of 16 vikalās. Capella's true 1870 values in Sāmanta's frame are 55°38' / 22°58' N — his correction is right to 22' and 2', and it removes a 7° latitude error in the inherited value. The identification with Capella (already secure from al-Bīrūnī's al-Ayyūq) is thereby confirmed from a completely independent Indian observation.
Siddhānta Darpaṇa of Candraśekhara Sāmanta, Grahagaṇita, Tripraśnādhikāra, 12th prakāśa (Bhagrahayogavarṇana) 29, 31–33 ·
text ·
translation