पूर्वफल्गुनी Pūrva-Phalgunī

Burgess: of the pair δ and θ Leonis, 'the first group is, then, clearly identifiable as δ and θ Leonis, the former and brighter being the distinctive star'; he notes the Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi and Graha-Lāghava data may instead point to θ Leonis (the southern).

TWO stars, padaka-shaped (like a small pendant), deity Bhava, gotra Gautamīya. Two stars = δ and θ Leonis, which supports Burgess's pair against the alternatives. NOTE the deity Bhava (a Rudra-name) where the Brahmanical lists have Bhaga.

IAST verbatim from the GRETIL Mahābhāṣya plaintext (Kielhorn 1880–85 rev. Abhyankar; text in pausā). 'sampīpagate' is GRETIL's reading, presumably for saṃnipatite/sannipāta-gate or samīpa-gate; I have not emended it. The underlying sūtra is १.२.६० फल्गुनी-प्रोष्ठपदानां च नक्षत्रे (Sanskrit Wikisource).

Pāṇini uses the bare form Phalgunī, without pūrva/uttara, in three of his own sūtras: 1.2.60 phalgunī-proṣṭhapadānāṃ ca nakṣatre, 4.2.23 (the full-moon name Phālgunī), and 4.3.34 (the ten-name list). This entry is filed under purva-phalguni for convenience, but the attestation properly covers the PAIR — 1.2.60 is precisely a rule about whether Phalgunī takes dual or plural, i.e. Pāṇini knows it as a group of stars. Patañjali on 1.2.60 supplies the decisive astronomical gloss: 'phalgunī-sampīpa-gate candramasi phalgunī-śabdaḥ vartate' — 'the word phalgunī is used when the moon has come near the Phalgunī', and gives the four forms udite pūrve phalgunyau / uditāḥ pūrvāḥ phalgunyaḥ, showing the pūrva/uttara division was already standard by c. 150 BCE even though Pāṇini's own sūtras do not use it.

Devanagari transcribed by the compiler from the page FACSIMILE of the Ray edition (Calcutta 1899), scan leaf n216 = printed p. 114–115: https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.292705/page/n216.jpg . The archive.org OCR of this volume is unusable for Devanagari, so no verse here is taken from the OCR text; every figure was re-read at full scan resolution and cross-checked against a second independent scan of the same edition (https://archive.org/download/siddhantadarpanachandrashekarsimha1897_252_Z/page/n217.jpg). Round brackets and the figures in them are the PRINTED EDITION'S own: (n) is the serial number of the asterism/star and the figure following it is the edition's decoding of the bhūtasaṅkhyā word-numeral that precedes it. These are the two printed segments of the dhruva list (vv. 2–6) and the śara list (vv. 7–10) that carry this asterism's own figures; the complete verses are given under db_id 'yogatara-catalog'.

SIDDHĀNTA DARPAṆA XII (Sāmanta, 1869): dhruva (polar longitude) 143°30', śara (polar latitude) 15°00' north. The direction comes from XII.11, which makes the śara southern for the asterisms numbered 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 14, 16–21 and 24 and northern for all the rest; XII.12–13 give the asterism 2 star(s). TRUE VALUES for 1870 CE, reduced to Sāmanta's OWN sidereal zero (his Citrā = 179°, i.e. Spica; implied ayanāṃśa 22°12'), as polar longitude / polar latitude: δ Leo 143°28' / 15°35'. VAṬEŚVARA-SIDDHĀNTA VIII.2.1–2 (904 CE) puts the same junction star at Siṃha 27° (= 147°00' measured from the sidereal origin) with a śara of 12°00' north (VIII.2.5–6, direction by VIII.2.8).

This is the printed segment of the continuous dhruvaka list (VIII.2.1–2) that carries this star's own figure; the star's kṣepa is item no. 11 of the unbroken numeral run of VIII.2.5–6, which cannot be split, so the whole passage is also given verbatim under db_id 'yogatara-catalog'. Devanagari transcribed by the compiler from the page FACSIMILE of K. S. Shukla's INSA edition of the Sanskrit text, scan leaf n317 = printed p. 293: https://archive.org/download/VatesvaraSiddhantaSanskritText/page/n317.jpg . The archive.org OCR is unusable for Devanagari. The SQUARE brackets and the figures inside them are the EDITION'S own decoding of the bhūtasaṅkhyā word-numerals, reproduced here so that no numeral is silently converted. Shukla's English translation and notes are in copyright: they are neither quoted nor relied on here — only the constituted mūla text and the edition's numeric glosses.

VAṬEŚVARA-SIDDHĀNTA VIII.2 (904 CE) gives the junction star's dhruvaka (polar longitude) as Siṃha 27° — Vaṭeśvara states the dhruvakas as degrees WITHIN each zodiacal sign, not as absolute longitudes, so this is 147°00' from the sidereal origin — and its kṣepa (polar latitude, VIII.2.5–6) as 12°00', north by the rule of VIII.2.8 (a verse the edition notes is identical with Brahmagupta's Khaṇḍakhādyaka I.9.13). TRUE VALUES for 904 CE reduced to Vaṭeśvara's own sidereal zero (his Citrā = 3° of Libra = 183°), as polar longitude / polar latitude: δ Leo 146°51' / 15°21'. For comparison Sāmanta (1869) gives 143°30' / 15°00' north. Vaṭeśvara's list is essentially the inherited Sūrya-Siddhānta/Brahmagupta set: it is a fourth independent witness to those values rather than a fresh observation.

Verbatim parallels from the two earlier Chinese versions of the same Śārdūlakarṇāvadāna material, and the Tang commentator's note on the Chinese star-count: 摩登伽經 (Mātaṅga-sūtra) T21n1300, T21.0404c24: 「張宿二星，亦如人步，於一日中與月俱行，以果用祭，其姓善氏，即屬善神。」 | 舍頭諫太子二十八宿經 T21n1301, T21.0415b24: 「前德宿者，有三要星，南北對立，行三十須臾而侍從矣，李果為食，主於善天，姓號俱曇。」 | Yang Jingfeng's interlinear note in T21n1299 at T21.0389b10: 「景風曰：中國天文，張六星，南方之宿也」

Chinese lunar lodge (xiu) 張 Zhang; T1301 renders the name semantically as 前德 ('Former Virtue'). TWO stars in T1299 and T1300, matching the Śārdūlakarṇāvadāna's dvitāraṃ padaka-saṃsthānam, and T1300's 如人步 'as a man's step' again renders padaka. T1300's 善神 'the Good deity' and T1301's 主於善天 are renderings of BHAVA — corroborating the Śārdūlakarṇāvadāna's surprising bhava-devatam (a Rudra-name) where the Brahmanical lists have Bhaga. T1301's gotra 俱曇 = Gautama matches gautamīyaṃ gotreṇa exactly. T1299 alone assigns the deity 婆藪 Vasu here, which looks like a displacement. Chinese astronomy gives Zhang six stars.