अश्विन्यादीनां साभिजितां योगताराः Aśvinyādi yogatārāḥ (sābhijit)
collective catalog of 28 junction stars · various · various (zodiacal belt and beyond)
collectiveidentification likelyattestations 5
Attestations
Siddhānta Śiromaṇi
अष्टौ नखा गजगुणाः खशरास्त्रिषट्काः सप्तर्तवस्त्रिनव चाङ्गदशोऽष्टकाष्ठाः । गोऽकस्तथाद्रिमनवः शरबाणचन्द्राः खात्यष्टयस्त्रिधृतयो नवनन्दचन्द्राः ।।१।। अर्काधिनो जिनयमा नवबाहुदस्राः कब्ध्यश्चिनो जलधितत्त्वमिताश्च भागाः । षटयश्विनश्वपवनोत्कृतयोऽष्ट्रभानिखाडूश्विनी नखगुणा रसदन्तसंख्याः ॥२॥ सप्तामराः खमिति भध्रुवका निरुक्ता दृकर्मणायनभवेन सहाश्विधिष्ण्यात् । ब्रह्माग्निभधुवलवा रदलितिकोना मैत्रन्द्रयोद्वर्यधिपभस्य च सेषुलिसाः ॥३॥ [vv.1-3, dhruvakas; verbatim from unproofread OCR — several word-numerals visibly garbled] … दिशोऽकश्च सार्धाब्धयः सार्धवेदा दशेशा रसाः खं स्वराः खं च सूर्याः । त्रिचन्द्राः कुचन्द्रा विपादौ च दस्रौ तुरङ्गाग्नयः सत्रिभागं च रूपम् ॥४॥ विपादं द्वयं सार्थरामाश्च सार्धा गजाः सत्रिभागेषवो मार्गणाश्च । द्विषष्टिः खरामाश्च षड्वर्गसंख्यास्त्रिभागो जिना उत्कृतिः खं च भानाम् ॥५॥ निरुक्ताः स्फुटा योगताराशरांशास्त्रय ब्रह्मधिष्ण्याद्विशाखादिषट्कम् । करो वारुणं त्वाष्ट्रभं सार्पमेषां शरा दक्षिणा उत्तराः शेषभानाम् ।॥६॥ [vv.4-6, śaras]
No public-domain translation of these Gaṇitādhyāya verses exists online. Bhāskara's own conception of this catalog is however translated in the public-domain 1861 rendering of Golādhyāya, Dṛkkarma-vāsanā v.12: '12. As the constellations are fixed their latitudes as given in the books of these curly [read: early] astronomers are the bpasuat-b'aras [read: spashta-śaras], i.e. tho reduced values of the latitudes so as to render them fit to be added to or subtracted from the declination; and tho dhkuvas [read: dhruvas] or longitude of these constellations are given, after being corrected by tho ayana drtkkakma [read: drikkarma] so as to suit those corrected latitudes that is, the star will appear to rise at the equator at the same time with longitude found by the correction.' [verbatim from OCR of the 1861 edition, bracketed restorations of obvious OCR errors added] — Lancelot Wilkinson, revised by Bapu Deva Sastri (1861), public domain (for Golādhyāya IX.12); Gaṇitādhyāya vv.1-6 values paraphrased from Arkasomayaji.
Bhāskara gives the polar longitudes (vv.1-3) and rectified latitudes (vv.4-6) of all 28 yogatārās in bhūtasaṅkhyā word-numerals, stating (bhāṣya) that Kṛttikā and Rohiṇī are to be diminished by 32' and Viśākhā, Anurādhā, Jyeṣṭhā increased by 5': 'कृत्तिकारोहिणीनक्षत्रयोद्वत्रिशत्कलोनाः । विशाखानुराधाज्येष्ठानां कलापञ्चकेनाधिका ध्रुवकभागा वेदितव्याः' (sa.wikisource p.347). Per Arkasomayaji the base values are Brahmagupta's, copied also by Śrīpati. Standard traditional identifications for the brightest members, as printed in the public-domain 1861 volume (Sūrya Siddhānta portion, pp.63-68): Svātī = Arcturus, Citrā = Spica, Jyeṣṭhā = Antares, Punarvasu = β Geminorum, Rohiṇī = Aldebaran (α Tauri), Maghā = Regulus, Kṛttikā = Pleiades (η Tauri), Hasta = δ Corvi, Śravaṇa = α Aquilae, Dhaniṣṭhā = α Delphini, Viśākhā = α Librae, Aśvinī = α(β) Arietis, Revatī = ζ Piscium. Individual per-star numeric values in the online OCR tables are too corrupted to transcribe reliably.
Siddhānta Śiromaṇi, Grahagaṇitādhyāya, Bhagrahayutyadhikāra vv.1-6; cf. Golādhyāya, Dṛkkarmavāsanā v.12 ·
text ·
translationLater siddhāntas & al-Bīrūnī · BSS 628 CE; PS c. 550 CE
सौम्या दशकं विषया याम्याः शरदशभवा रसाः सौम्याः । खं सप्तदक्षिणाः खं सौम्याः सूर्यत्रयोदशकाः ॥ ५ ॥ दक्षिणतो भवयमलाः सप्तत्रिंशदुदगंशका याम्याम् । अध्यर्धत्रिचतुष्कार्धनवमसप्त्यंशविषयशराः ॥ ६ ॥
No public-domain translation of the BSS chapter exists; these verses encode the polar latitudes of the 27 junction-stars in bhūtasaṅkhyā word-numerals with the direction attached (saumya = north, yāmya = south). For the Pañcasiddhāntikā, Thibaut renders XIV.34–37: '34. (The junction-star) of krittika is at the end of the sixth degree (of the nakshatra), and three and a half hastas to the north of the ecliptic; that of Rohiṇī is at the end of the eighth degree, and five and a half hastas to the south... 37. Of Chitrā (the yogatara is) at seven and a half degrees, three hastas to the south.' — Paraphrase by the compiler for the BSS; G. Thibaut & Sudhakara Dvivedi (1889) for the Pañcasiddhāntikā
THIS IS THE TABLE BHĀSKARA COPIED — and the edition's commentary says so outright: 'these very dhruvāṃśas of Aśvinī and the rest were read out by Bhāskara too, in his own Bhagrahayutyadhikāra.' BSS 10.3–4 give the polar longitudes as degrees within a sign (Aśvinī 8° Aries, Bharaṇī 20° Aries, Kṛttikā 8° Taurus less 32', Rohiṇī 20° Taurus less 32', Mṛgaśīrṣa 13° Gemini, Ārdrā 7° Gemini, Punarvasu 3° Cancer, Puṣya 16° Cancer, Āśleṣā 18° Cancer, Maghā 9° Leo, P. Phalgunī 27° Leo, U. Phalgunī 5° Virgo, Hasta 20° Virgo, Citrā 3° Libra, Svātī 19° Libra…); 10.5–7 give the latitudes and 10.8–9 the minute-corrections. Only 27 are tabulated. Burgess: 'With it, so far as the longitude is concerned, exactly accord the Brahma-Siddhanta, as reported by Colebrooke, and the Khanda-Kataka, as reported by al-Biruni... but the latitudes of the Khanda-Kataka often vary considerably from both.' SEPARATELY, the Pañcasiddhāntikā gives coordinates for only SEVEN yogatārās (XIV.34–37: Kṛttikā, Rohiṇī, Punarvasu, Puṣya, Āśleṣā, Maghā, Citrā), in hastas rather than degrees, and they diverge widely from the Sūrya Siddhānta's; Thibaut: 'Why Varāha Mihira should have confined himself to stating the longitudes and latitudes of seven junction stars only, remains unaccounted for. Possibly the Manuscripts are defective just at that place.'
Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta, Bhagrahayutyadhikāra 3–9; Pañcasiddhāntikā XIV.34–38 ·
text ·
translationVaṭeśvara & Sāmanta · composed 1869 CE (Śaka 1791); edited by Joges Chandra Ray, Calcutta 1899
अथ भ-ग्रह-योगाय भानां वक्ष्ये ध्रुवान् शरान् ।
संख्याकारान् योगताराः साङ्गानां बिम्बविस्तृतीः ॥ १ ॥
दस्रादीनां ध्रुवांशाः स्युः-
वृद्धिकाष्ठाः(१)८।४५ कुबाहवः(२)२१ ।
सपादेष्वग्नयः(३)३५।१५ सार्ध-
षड्वेदाः(४)४६।३० साद्धिखर्तवः(५)६०।१५ ॥ २ ॥
शरघंट(६)६५ साद्धिशून्याङ्काः(७)९०।१५
कृताभा(८)१०४ वसुखेन्दवः(९)१०८ ।
रसार्काः(१०)१२६ सार्धवह्नीन्द्रा(११)१४३।३०
रामबाणहिमांशवः(१२)१५३ ॥ ३ ॥
शरभूपा(१३)१६५ नवघना(१४)१७९-
स्विनन्दसितभानवः(१५)१९३ ।
नगाभ्रपक्षा(१६)२०७ साद्धाष्ट-
भूभुजा(१७)२१८।३० ॥ ४ ॥
अर्धोना(१८)२२५।३० स्वंशहीनेन्दु-
सिद्धाः(१९)२४०।४० खशरबाहवः(२०)२५० ।
अर्द्धयुक्तर्कतत्त्वानि(२१)२५६।३०
दलोनाद्रीषुबाहवः(०)२५६।३० ॥ ५ ॥
त्रिभानि(२२)२७३ सार्धपञ्चाष्ट-
पक्षा(२३)२८५।३० व्यङ्गाष्टभूगुणाः(२४)३१७।४५ ।
दृग्दन्ता(२५)३२२ दन्तिगीर्वाणाः(२६)३३८
शून्यं(२७)० साभिजितामिति ॥ ६ ॥
क्रान्त्यन्तादेषामथ
विक्षेपांशा दलाब्ध्यदिश(१)१०।३० ईशाः(२)११ ।
साङ्गव्ध्ययः(३)४।१५ सहार्धे-
न्द्रियाणि(४)५।३० साद्धानलक्षितयः(५)१३।३० ॥ ७ ॥
चरांशोनतर्कचन्द्राः(६)१५।४०
साद्रसाः(७)६।३० साद्धिरूप(८)१।१५ मर्काश्च(९)१२ ।
रूपदलं निजषष्ठां-
शोनित(१०)०।२५ मर्धेन्दवौ(११)१५ विश्वे(१२)१३ ॥ ८ ॥
रुद्राः(१३)११ सरसांशहृशौ(१४)२।१०
देवा(१५)३३ बाहू(१६)२ भुजौ(१७)२ सपादक्षताः(१८)४।१५ ।
सदलानलरजनीशाः(१९)१३।३०
साद्धांङ्गा(२०)६।३० न्यंत्रिभागक्षताः(२१)३।४० ॥ ९ ॥
द्वाषष्टि(०)६२ रन्ध्ररामाः(२२)३०
षट्त्रिंश(२३)३६ च्छीतदीधितेस्त्र्यंशः(२४)०।२० ।
दन्ता(२५)३२ गजभुजसङ्ख्या(२६)२८
शरा(२७)५ इति शराः क्रमाद्भानाम् ॥ १० ॥
ब्रह्मत्रयस्य(४।५।६) राधाषट्क(१६।१७।१८।१९।२०।२१)-
स्याहेः(९) करस्य(१३) चित्रायाः(१४) ।
वरुणस्य(२४) च विक्षेपो याम्यः सौम्योऽपररक्षाणाम् ॥ ११ ॥
Devanagari transcribed by the compiler from the page FACSIMILE (archive.org scan leaf n216–n217 = printed pp. 114–116) because the archive.org OCR of this volume is unusable for Devanagari; the page image itself was fetched in this session at https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.292705/page/n216.jpg . Every numeral was re-read at full scan resolution. Cross-checked against a second, independent scan of the same Ray edition at https://archive.org/download/siddhantadarpanachandrashekarsimha1897_252_Z/ , which agrees character for character on the figures. Round brackets and the figures in them are the PRINTED EDITION'S own: (n) is the serial number of the asterism/star, the figure after it the edition's decoding of the preceding bhūtasaṅkhyā word-numeral, so no numeral has been silently converted here. A handful of the compound word-forms in this worn 1899 type are uncertain and are marked in this database as read, not emended; the FIGURES, which carry the astronomy, were verified at high magnification in both scans.
'Now, for the conjunction of the asterisms with the planets, I shall state the dhruvas and śaras of the asterisms, their numbers and shapes, the junction stars, and the disc-diameters of those that have members. (1) The dhruva-degrees of the asterisms beginning with Dasra (Aśvinī) are: …' — then the two numerical lists, closing (10) 'these are the śaras of the asterisms in order', and (11) 'The vikṣepa of the Brahmā-triad (4, 5, 6), of the six beginning with Rādhā (16–21), of Ahi (9), of Kara (13), of Citrā (14) and of Varuṇa (24) is southern; northern for the remaining asterisms.' — Literal rendering by the compiler
SĀMANTA'S COMPLETE YOGATĀRĀ TABLE, 1869 CE — the fourth and by far the most accurate of the Sanskrit coordinate sets. Polar longitudes (dhruva) in order Aśvinī…Revatī, with Abhijit inserted as no. (0) between Uttarāṣāḍhā and Śravaṇa: 8°45', 21°, 35°15', 46°30', 60°15', 65°, 90°15', 104°, 108°, 126°, 143°30', 153°, 165°, 179°, 193°, 207°, 218°30', 225°30', 240°40', 250°, 256°30', [Abhijit] 256°30', 273°, 285°30', 317°45', 322°, 338°, 0°. Polar latitudes (śara): 10°30', 11°, 4°15', 5°30', 13°30', 15°40', 6°30', 1°15', 12°, 0°25', 15°, 13°, 11°, 2°10', 33°, 2°, 2°, 4°15', 13°30', 6°30', 3°40', [Abhijit] 62°, 30°, 36°, 0°20', 32°, 28°, 5°. XII.11 makes the śara SOUTHERN for nos. 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 14, 16–21 and 24 and northern for the rest. Star-counts (XII.12–13): 3, 3, 6, 5, 3, 1, 5, 3, 5, 5, 2, 2, 5, 1, 1, 5, 7, 3, 9, 4, 4, 3, [Abhijit] 3, 5, 100, 2, 2, 32. Shapes (XII.15–17) include Viśākhā = toraṇa (a gateway/festoon arch), Ārdrā = vidruma (coral), Śatabhiṣaj = vitāna (canopy), Dhaniṣṭhā = muraja (drum), Abhijit = agni-bimba (fire-disc). ACCURACY: reduced to Sāmanta's own sidereal zero (his Citrā = 179°, i.e. Spica), twenty of the twenty-eight polar longitudes are within 1° of the true 1870 values and most of the latitudes within 20'. This is a genuine re-observation, not a copy: he lowers Viśākhā by 6° (213°→207°), Śatabhiṣaj by 2°15' (320°→317°45'), Svāti by 6° (199°→193°), and raises Mūla's latitude from 9° to 13°30' and Ārdrā's from 9° to 15°40' — every one of these corrections moves the figure TOWARDS the modern star, not away from it.
Siddhānta Darpaṇa of Candraśekhara Sāmanta, Grahagaṇita, Tripraśnādhikāra, 12th prakāśa (Bhagrahayogavarṇana) 1–11 ·
text ·
translationVaṭeśvara & Sāmanta · 904 CE
मेषेऽष्ट[८]नखै[२०]रंशै-
र्गवि विदलैस्तै[७॥,१९॥]स्त्रि[३]सप्त[७]भिर्जितुमे ।
त्र्य[३]ष्टि[१६]धृति[१८]भिः कुलीरे
वसु[८]भैः[२७] सिंहे जलधि[४]नखैः[२०] षष्ठे ॥ १ ॥
राम[३]धृति[१८]भिस्तुलायां
द्वी[२]न्द्रा[१४]तिधृति[१९भि]रलिनि कु[१]मनु[१४]नख[२०]भैः[२७]
धनुषीभ[८]नखै[२०]मंकरे
विंशति[२०]त्रिघनै[२७]र्घंटे नग[७]त्रिंशैः[३०] ॥ २ ॥
मीनेऽश्विन्यादीनि द्युचरैर्योगं व्रजन्ति
जितुमांशे ।
सप्तार्विंशे[२७]ऽगस्त्यः तर्द्विंशे[२०] लुब्धकध्रुवकः ॥ ३ ॥
ध्रुवकक्रान्त्यन्ततः क्षेपाः ॥ ४ ॥
दश[१०] सूर्याः[१२] पञ्च[५] शराः[५]
दिशः[१०] शिवाः[११] षड्[६] वियन्[०] नगाः[७] शून्यम्[०] ।
सूर्या[१२] विश्वे[१३] शौ[११] द्वौ[२]
सप्तत्रिंशद्[३७] भुजौ[२] रामाः[३] ॥ ५ ॥
वेदा[४] नव[९] षड्[६] ऋतवः[६]
कृतर्तवः[६४] खाग्नयो[३०] ऽङ्गरामाः[३६] खम्[०] ।
तीर्थकृतः[२४] षड्यमलाः[२६] ख[०]मंशका अश्विनादीनाम् ॥ ६ ॥
ब्राह्मेन्द्रमूलमैत्राग्नेयानां खाग्नयः[३०] कलाः खकृताः[४०] ।
वैश्वापविशाखानां खभुजा[२०]स्त्वाष्ट्रस्य संशोध्याः ॥ ७ ॥
त्रीणि ब्राह्मात् सार्पं द्वितयं हस्ताद् द्विदैवतात् षट् ।
एतानि दक्षिणदिशि विक्षिप्तान्यन्यानि चोत्तरतः ॥ ८ ॥
याम्ये क्षिप्तो व्याधः खकृतै[४०]रंशैः नगाचले[७७]श्च मुनिः ।
Devanagari transcribed by the compiler from the page FACSIMILE (archive.org scan leaf n317–n318 = printed pp. 293–294) because the archive.org OCR of this volume is unusable for Devanagari; the page image itself was fetched in this session at https://archive.org/download/VatesvaraSiddhantaSanskritText/page/n317.jpg . Every numeral was re-read at full scan resolution. The SQUARE brackets and the figures inside them are the EDITION'S (K. S. Shukla, INSA) own decoding of the bhūtasaṅkhyā word-numerals, reproduced so that no numeral is silently converted. '॥' after 7 and 19 in verse 1 renders the edition's fraction sign for ½. Shukla's English translation and notes are in copyright and are neither quoted nor relied on here — only the constituted mūla text and the edition's numeric glosses.
'In Aries at 8 and 20 degrees; in Go (Taurus) at those [same figures] diminished by a half (7½, 19½); at 3 and 7 in Jituma (Gemini); at 3, 16 and 18 in Kulīra (Cancer); at 8 and 27 in Siṃha (Leo); at 4 and 20 in the sixth sign (Virgo) (1). At 3 and 18 in Tulā (Libra); at 2, 14 and 19 in Alin (Scorpio); at 1, 14, 20 and 27 in Dhanus (Sagittarius); at 8 and 20 in Makara (Capricorn); at 20 and 27 in Ghaṭa (Aquarius); at 7 and 30 in Mīna (Pisces) (2) — [there] the asterisms beginning with Aśvinī come into conjunction with the planets. In degrees of Jituma: Agastya at the 27th, and the dhruvaka of Lubdhaka at its 20th (3). … The kṣepas are [reckoned] from the end of the declination-circle of the dhruvaka (4). Ten, twelve, five, five; ten, eleven, six, nought, seven, nought; twelve, thirteen, eleven, two; thirty-seven, two, three (5); four, nine, six, six; sixty-four, thirty, thirty-six, nought; twenty-four, twenty-six, nought — [these are] the degrees of [the asterisms] beginning with Aśvinī (6). … Three from Brāhma, the pair from Sārpa, six from Hasta [and] from the two-deity one — these are deflected to the south, the others to the north (8). Vyādha is deflected south by forty degrees, and Muni by seventy-seven.' — Literal rendering by the compiler
VAṬEŚVARA'S YOGATĀRĀ TABLE, 904 CE — a fourth independent witness to the inherited Sūrya-Siddhānta / Brahmagupta coordinate set. Two peculiarities of presentation: (i) the dhruvakas are given as degrees WITHIN each zodiacal sign, sign by sign, not as absolute longitudes, and (ii) the sign names are partly the Greek-derived series — jituma (Gemini, from δίδυμοι), kulīra (Cancer, from κολουρος/καρκινος tradition), go (Taurus), alin (Scorpio), ghaṭa (Aquarius). Absolute equivalents: 8°, 20°, 37°30', 49°30', 63°, 67°, 93°, 106°, 108°, 128°, 147°, 154°, 170°, 183°, 198°, 212°, 224°, 229°, 241°, 254°, 260°, [Abhijit] 267°, 278°, 290°, 320°, 327°, 337°, 360°. Kṣepas (VIII.2.5–6): 10°, 12°, 5°, 5°, 10°, 11°, 6°, 0°, 7°, 0°, 12°, 13°, 11°, 2°, 37°, 2°, 3°, 4°, 9°, 6°, 6°, [Abhijit] 64°, 30°, 36°, 0°, 24°, 26°, 0°. VIII.2.7 then adds minute-corrections — 30' for Brāhma (Abhijit), Aindra (Jyeṣṭhā), Mūla, Maitra (Anurādhā) and Āgneya (Kṛttikā); 40' for Vaiśva (Uttarāṣāḍhā), Āpa (Pūrvāṣāḍhā) and Viśākhā; 20' for Tvāṣṭra (Citrā), which is to be SUBTRACTED (saṃśodhyāḥ). Whether the first two groups are additive or also subtractive is not unambiguous in the constituted text and is left unresolved here rather than guessed. VIII.2.8 gives the north/south rule and is, by the edition's own footnote, identical with Brahmagupta's Khaṇḍakhādyaka I.9.13. DIFFERENCES FROM THE SŪRYA SIDDHĀNTA worth noting: Ārdrā 67° (SS 67°20') but with latitude 11° instead of 9°; Viśākhā 212° instead of 213°; Abhijit's latitude 64° instead of 60°; Citrā at 183° rather than 180°, which shifts Vaṭeśvara's whole sidereal zero about 3° from the Sūrya Siddhānta's.
Vaṭeśvara-siddhānta VIII (Samāgamādhikāra), section 2 (Bhagrahayutyādividhiḥ) 1–9 ·
text ·
translationClassical kāvya · c. 4th-5th century CE
eṣa cārumukhi yogatārayā yujyate taralabimbayā śaśī / sādhvasād upagataprakampayā kanyayeva navadīkṣayā varaḥ // Ks_8.73
IAST from GRETIL. Canto 8 could not be obtained in Devanagari in this session (the Sanskrit Wikisource page for the eighth sarga is a scan-transclusion stub with no text layer), and R. T. H. Griffith omitted canto 8 from his translation.
Literal rendering: 'This moon, fair-faced one, is being joined by a junction-star (yogatara) of trembling disc, as a bridegroom is by a maiden set aquiver with the fright of her new consecration.' — Literal rendering by the compiler
The strictly technical siddhanta term yogatārā ('junction star' - the one star of an asterism by which the moon's conjunction is reckoned) used inside a love-poem. Siva, pointing out the night sky to Parvati, says the moon is being joined by a yogatara with a trembling disc, like a bridegroom by a bride shaking with the fright of her new initiation. The database already records the collective Aśvinyādi yogatārāḥ from the Surya Siddhanta; this shows the word had passed into poetic currency. No individual naksatra is named.