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The lunar mansions as a system
an asterism of variable length, inserted to keep the calendar in step with the solar year · — · —
names 69languages 15
In the classical tradition this is नक्षत्रम् Nakṣatra, attested in 2 texts.
The names
vernacular 34 · folk 10 · tribal 1 · borrowed 24
| Name | Language | Meaning | Register |
|---|---|---|---|
| އަވިހި avihi | Divehi (Mahl) the Maldives, and Minicoy (Maliku) in Lakshadweep, which speaks the same language and keeps the same calendar | Maniku: this nakaiy is no longer used in the system; in the archaic system it was a variable interpolation to bring the calendar to the correct timing with the sun. | vernacular |
| ނަކަތް nakaiy | Divehi (Mahl) the Maldives, and Minicoy (Maliku) in Lakshadweep, which speaks the same language and keeps the same calendar | Maniku gives every one of the twenty-seven asterisms its own headword, and each is defined not by its place in the moon's circuit but by its number within a monsoon: eighteen nakaiy of the hulhangu or south-west monsoon, running from Assidha (Aśvinī) to Dhosha (Jyeṣṭhā), then nine of the iruvai or north-east monsoon, from Mula (Mūla) to Reyva (Revatī), 'the ninth and the last'. Each entry names the stars in Bayer designations. | vernacular |
| ރޭވަ reyva | Divehi (Mahl) the Maldives, and Minicoy (Maliku) in Lakshadweep, which speaks the same language and keeps the same calendar | Maniku calls it 'the ninth and the last nakaiy of the north-east monsoon' — the end of the Divehi year as well as of the asterism list. He names ξ and ζ Piscium. | borrowed |
| Kritika, Rohini, Arudra, Mragshir, Revti | Gujarati Gujarat | each asterism carries a dated window and a rain omen: e.g. only a drizzle while the moon is in Kṛttikā (8-21 May) means partial failure of the rains | borrowed |
| nakshatra | Gujarati Ahmedabad district, Gujarat | lunar mansion rain in mṛg is believed to breed insects; rain in punarvasu to breed a stalk-borer in the millets | borrowed |
| Mūla | Hindi the North-Western Provinces and Oudh (Upper India) | Crooke's point is a social one: the twenty-seven asterisms are used only in calculating the marriage horoscope, and the one an ordinary cultivator actually has to reckon with is the unlucky Mūla — a son born under it must undergo an elaborate purification. | borrowed |
| हथिया / ﮩتيا hathiyā | Hindi eastern Hindi belt - Bhojpuri and Awadhi districts; Fallon's proverbs are marked Bhoj. | 'the hand' (vernacular reflex of Sanskrit hasta) The single most important star name in Hindi-belt village life: not an object to look at but a rain season to reckon by. Grierson notes it is the longest of the asterisms, sixteen lunar days, and that cultivators said the rains used to end in Swati but now end in Hathiya. It is personified as Hathi rāni, 'Queen Hathiya', who announces herself by thunder. | folk |
| nakhat / nachhattr / nichhattr | Hindi Bihar (Bhojpuri/Magahi); the same forms in Fallon for Hindustani generally | vernacular reflexes of Sanskrit nakṣatra The word survives in the countryside as a unit of the farming year, not of astronomy: twenty-seven unequal periods, each governing a specific operation, ranging from about thirteen lunar days in the dry months to sixteen for Hathiya. Grierson's list of their vernacular names - Rohni, Mirgsira, Aradra, Punarbas, Pukh, Maggha, Purba/Utra Phaguni, Hast or Hathiya, Chitra, Bināti or Siwāti, Bisākha, Anurādha, Jeshtha, Mul, Purba Khārh, Utra Khārh - is the vernacular register of the whole nakṣatra series in one place. | folk |
| ಭರಣಿ bharaṇi | Kannada Karnataka (Mysore, Canara, Deccan) | — | borrowed |
| ಚಿತ್ತೆ citte | Kannada Karnataka (Mysore, Canara, Deccan) | The naturalised Kannada form; Kittel's tatsama headword ಚಿತ್ರೆ citre (p. 647) is the one that carries the identification 'spica virginis'. | borrowed |
| ಧನಿಷ್ಠೆ dhaniṣṭhe | Kannada Karnataka (Mysore, Canara, Deccan) | the very rich one Kittel notes the mansion is held unlucky and prints a proverb on it. | borrowed |
| ಹುಬ್ಬೆ hubbe | Kannada Karnataka (Mysore, Canara, Deccan) | AGRICULTURAL. Kittel prints two Kannada proverbs on the Hubbe rains under the headword — the whole entry is quoted below. | folk |
| ಮಖೆ makhe | Kannada Karnataka (Mysore, Canara, Deccan) | AGRICULTURAL. Also ಮಘೆ maghe (p. 1256), which carries a second rain proverb. | folk |
| ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ nakṣatra | Kannada Karnataka (Mysore, Canara, Deccan) | The almanac and horoscope word; Kittel glosses it with the two Dravidian words, ಅಱಿಲ್ and ಮೀನ್. | borrowed |
| न्य॑शि॑तुर् nĕshitur | Kashmiri Kashmir valley | — | borrowed |
| അശ്വതി, ഭരണി, കാര്ത്തിക, രോഹിണി, മകയിരം, തിരുവാതിര, പുണര്തം, പൂയം, ആയില്യം, മകം, പൂരം, ഉത്രം, അത്തം, ചിത്ര, ചോതി, വിശാഖം, അനുഴം, തൃക്കേട്ട, മൂലം, പൂരാടം, ഉത്രാടം, തിരുവോണം, അവിട്ടം, ചതയം, പൂരുരുട്ടാതി, ഉത്രട്ടാതി, ഇരവതി aśvati, bharaṇi, kārttika, rōhiṇi, makayiram, tiruvātira, puṇartam, pūyam, āyilyam, makam, pūram, utram, attam, citra, cōti, viśākham, anuḻam, tṛkkēṭṭa, mūlam, pūrāṭam, utrāṭam, tiruvōṇam, aviṭṭam, catayam, pūruruṭṭāti, utraṭṭāti, iravati | Malayalam Kerala (Malabar, Cochin, Travancore) | Malayalam uses the full 27-nakshatra series and it still governs birth-star reckoning, name-giving, marriage-matching and festival dates. Gundert's ജന്മനക്ഷത്രം is 'the asterism, under which one is born' (p. 403), and അനുജന്മനക്ഷത്രം 'the 10th and 19th asterisms after the ജന്മനക്ഷത്രം' (p. 28) shows the derived reckoning already lexicalised in 1872. | borrowed |
| നക്ഷത്രം nakṣatram | Malayalam Kerala (Malabar, Cochin, Travancore) | Also the everyday word for a person's birth-star: ജന്മനക്ഷത്രം, 'the asterism under which one is born' (Gundert s.v. ജന്മം, p. 403). | borrowed |
| നാള് nāḷ | Malayalam Kerala (Malabar, Cochin, Travancore) | 'day' The everyday Malayalam word for a person's birth-star, and the one that does the social work: Gundert's illustrative phrase is നാളും പൊരുത്തവും നോക്കി നിശ്ചയിക്ക, 'to settle [a marriage] after examining the nāḷ and the compatibility'. He also records the classification of the asterisms as ആണ്നാള് 'male nāḷ' and പെണ്നാള് 'female nāḷ' (cf. s.v. പെണ്, p. 699), and മുന്നാള് 'the 3rd asterism from that of the nativity' (s.v. മുന്, p. 837). | vernacular |
| नक्षत्र nakṣatra | Marathi Maharashtra | नक्षत्रासारखा, 'brilliant as a constellation'; नक्षत्र पडणें (हातावर) 'to have itching hands, be given to thieving' | borrowed |
| वळवा vaḷavā | Marathi Maharashtra | the turned ones वळवाचा पाऊस, the late-monsoon rain that comes from the east | folk |
| वाफ vāpha | Marathi Maharashtra | the fit state of the ground for sowing; hence the sowing season the sowing seasons are named by asterism: मृगाची-हत्तीची-चित्राची-कृत्तिकेची-रोहिणीची वाफ | folk |
| भद्रा bhadrā | Nepali Nepal, and the Nepali-speaking Darjeeling and Sikkim hills | A period during whose ascendancy it is unlucky to begin any enterprise. Turner gives the proverb: the hut is on fire — how long is Bhadrā still in ascendancy? | borrowed |
| मुल् mul | Nepali Nepal, and the Nepali-speaking Darjeeling and Sikkim hills | Turner: the 17th or 19th nakshatra, containing eleven stars and considered unlucky. The derivative मुल्याहा mulyāhā (also mule) means 'born under the constellation mul' and, as a noun, 'an unfortunate person, an orphan'. | borrowed |
| ਮੱਘਾ magghá | Punjabi Punjab | Punjabi phonology on the Sanskrit name, with the gemination characteristic of the language. Maya Singh's first sense - a small earthen water-and-buttermilk pot - is a homonym, and shows the star name sitting inside ordinary domestic vocabulary. | borrowed |
| ਨਛੱਤ੍ nachhattar | Punjabi Punjab | Punjabi reflex of Sanskrit nakṣatra Maya Singh prints the complete list of the twenty-seven (twenty-eight with Abhijit) under this headword in their Sanskrit forms, and notes that the Punjabi month names Māgh, Phaggun, Chet, Vaisākh, Jeth, Hār, Sāwan, Bhādroṅ, Assū, Kattak, Magar and Poh are derived from them. This is the entry that licenses the statement that Punjabi simply takes over the Sanskrit twenty-seven. | borrowed |
| نَکَتْرُ nakhataru | Sindhi Sind (Bombay Presidency); Mewaram's dictionary is not dialect-marked | — | borrowed |
| අස්විද, බෙරණය, කැති නැකත, රෙහෙණ, මුවසිරස, අදේ, පුනාවස, පුසේ·නැකත, අස්ලිස, මා·නැකත, පුවපල්, උතුරුපල්ගුන, හත, සිත, සාය, විසා·නැකත, අනුර, දෙට, මුළ, පුව·සළ, උතුරු සළය, සුවණය, දෙනට, සිය·වස, පුවපුටුපේ, උතුරු පුටුපය, රේවතිය asvida, beraṇaya, kæti nækata, reheṇa, muvasirasa, adē, punāvasa, pusē-nækata, aslisa, mā-nækata, puvapal, uturupalguna, hata, sita, sāya, visā-nækata, anura, deṭa, muḷa, puva-saḷa, uturu saḷaya, suvaṇaya, denaṭa, siya-vasa, puvapuṭupē, uturu puṭupaya, rēvatiya | Sinhala Sri Lanka | These are the working names of the Sinhala almanac and of nekata reckoning — the choice of auspicious moments that still governs Sri Lankan New Year observances, first ploughing, and the naming of children. | borrowed |
| නැකත nækata | Sinhala Sri Lanka | The everyday Sinhala word for the asterisms and for astrological time-reckoning generally; it is what the almanac and the nekatiyā (astrologer) work with. | borrowed |
| orroː-tuj-ən | Sora the Sora country of the Ganjam and Koraput hills, Odisha and northern Andhra | 'the ploughing stars' (or-roː, to plough land, to cultivate) | tribal |
| ஐம்மீன் ai-m-mīṉ | Tamil Tamil Nadu | five-star, the five stars A Tamil counting-name from ஐ 'five', and the Lexicon states the reason: the asterism has five principal stars — the quadrilateral of Corvus with its fifth. | vernacular |
| கடைமீன் kaṭai-mīṉ | Tamil Tamil Nadu | last star, the star at the end A positional Tamil name — Revatī named simply as the last of the twenty-seven. It pairs with ātimīṉ and talaināḷ, 'first star', for Aśvinī. | vernacular |
| காற்றுமுந்துநாள் kāṟṟu-muntu-nāḷ | Tamil Tamil Nadu | the star that the wind-star precedes THE PUREST VERNACULAR FORMATION IN THIS FILE. Viśākhā is named neither by its deity nor by its shape but purely by its place in the Tamil sequence — the asterism that comes after kāṟṟiṉāḷ. Nothing in Sanskrit corresponds. | vernacular |
| மகவெண்மீன் maka-veṇ-mīṉ | Tamil Tamil Nadu | the Magha white-star THE ONE INDIGENOUS CONSTELLATION-FIGURE recovered by this compilation. Nacciṉārkkiṉiyar, glossing this compound, says the Magha asterism 'has the shape of a bent yoke' — the Sickle of Leo seen as a crooked ox-yoke, which is why the poet uses it as a simile for the curving bank of a temple tank. | vernacular |
| மருத்துவநாள் maruttuva-nāḷ | Tamil Tamil Nadu | physician-star, the star of the physicians A Tamil TRANSLATION of the deity rather than a borrowing of the name: the Aśvins are the physicians of the gods, and Tamil renders them with the native word maruttuvar 'physicians'. | vernacular |
| மாரிநாள் māri-nāḷ | Tamil Tamil Nadu | rain-star, the star of the rains An AGRICULTURAL star-name: the twelfth asterism named for the rain. It is the only asterism in the Lexicon named for a season rather than a deity, a shape or a number. | vernacular |
| நட்சத்திரம் naṭcattiram | Tamil Tamil Nadu | THE COMPACT RECORD OF THE SANSKRITIC LAYER. This one entry carries the canonical Tamil forms of all 27 nakshatras as the Tamil Lexicon prints them, so that the rest of this file can be spent on names that are not Sanskrit. | borrowed |
| நடுநாள் naṭu-nāḷ | Tamil Tamil Nadu | the middle star A TAMIL NAME WITH NO SANSKRIT MODEL: Citrā named purely by its position, the fourteenth of twenty-seven, the exact midpoint of the series. Nothing about the deity or the appearance enters into it. | vernacular |
| நாள் nāḷ | Tamil Tamil Nadu | day The commonest Tamil term for a lunar asterism, and the second element of the whole -nāḷ class of Tamil asterism-names recorded below. The semantic bridge is the day named by the asterism the moon is in. | vernacular |
| நாண்மீன் nāṇ-mīṉ | Tamil Tamil Nadu | day-star The Caṅkam term for the lunar mansions collectively, explicitly opposed by the Lexicon to கோண்மீன் kōṇmīṉ 'planet'. The Kalittokai image is of the moon ringed by the asterisms. | vernacular |
| நீர்நாள் nīr-nāḷ | Tamil Tamil Nadu | water-star, the star of the waters A Tamil translation of the deity — Pūrvāṣāḍhā's presiding power is the Waters (Āpas) — with the native word nīr. | vernacular |
| Rohini Karte (and the rest of the 27 kārte) | Telugu Bellary district, Deccan (Kannada- and Telugu-speaking Lingāyat cultivators) | AGRICULTURAL. Which crop is sown on which asterism's rain, and which asterism must not bring wind or lightning. Recorded for Lingāyat cultivators of Bellary. | folk |
| అసిలేరు asilēru | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | Brown labels the register himself. | folk |
| బరణిచుక్క baraṇi-cukka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the casket star The Sanskrit name Bharaṇī has been reshaped in Telugu onto the native word baraṇi 'casket, jewel-box', and Brown enters the asterism under that word. | folk |
| గుర్రపుచుక్క gurrapu-cukka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the horse's star A translation, not a borrowing: the Sanskrit name is 'the two horsemen', and Telugu renders the horse with its own word gurramu. | vernacular |
| జన్నపుచుక్క jannapu-cukka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the sacrifice star A ritual-calendar name: the asterism at whose appearance the yajñas fall due. | vernacular |
| జోడువేల్పులరిక్క jōḍu-vēlpula-rikka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the star of the paired gods | vernacular |
| కొనరిక్క kona-rikka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the end star, the last star | vernacular |
| కుమ్మరసారెచుక్క kummara-sāre-cukka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the potter's-wheel star | vernacular |
| కార్తె kārte | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | AGRICULTURAL. The unit of the Deccan farming calendar: the roughly thirteen days the sun spends in each of the 27 asterisms. Brown marks it [Tel.], not [Skt.]. | vernacular |
| మద్దెలరూపురిక్క maddela-rūpu-rikka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the drum-shaped star | vernacular |
| ముక్కంటిచుక్క mukkaṇṭi-cukka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the three-eyed one's star | vernacular |
| ముప్పదిరెంటి గుంపు muppadi-reṇṭi gumpu | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the group of thirty-two A star-count name: Revatī is reckoned at 32 stars. | vernacular |
| ముత్తెపురిక్క muttepu-rikka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the pearl star The month Caitra is named from it: muttepu-rikka-nela. | vernacular |
| మీనురూపురిక్క mīnu-rūpu-rikka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the fish-shaped star | vernacular |
| నక్షత్రము nakṣatramu | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | The almanac word. Brown glosses it back into the vernacular with చుక్క, which is the neatest single demonstration that the two registers are in use side by side. | borrowed |
| నీటిరిక్క nīṭi-rikka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the water star | vernacular |
| నీటిరేనిరిక్క nīṭi-rēni-rikka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the water-king's star | vernacular |
| పెతరులచుక్క petarula-cukka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the ancestors' star | vernacular |
| పొదరిండ్ల చుక్క podariṇḍla cukka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the star of the bowers | vernacular |
| పొట్లపూచుక్క poṭla-pū-cukka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the snake-gourd-flower star The month name is formed from the same base: poṭla-pū-rikka-nela = Pauṣa. | vernacular |
| పుబ్బ pubba | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | The everyday Telugu form of the name, marked [Tel.] by Brown against the tatsama పూర్వఫల్గుని. | borrowed |
| పునాస punāsa | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | AGRICULTURAL. The asterism name has become the name of a crop: the early, inferior grain crop of the year sown in the Punarvasu period. | folk |
| రిక్క rikka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | The other native Telugu star-word, used almost exclusively as the second element of compound asterism names (baṇḍi-rikka, tāṭi-rikka, nīṭi-rikka …). Rarer than cukka as a free word. | vernacular |
| సప్పపుచుక్క sappapu-cukka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the serpent's star | vernacular |
| సాముకంటిచుక్క sāmu-kaṇṭi-cukka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | — | vernacular |
| సోకుచుక్క sōku-cukka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the demon's star Mūla is the most inauspicious of the mansions in popular Telugu reckoning, and the name says so. | vernacular |
| తొలురిక్క tolu-rikka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the first star Names the mansion by its position at the head of the list. | vernacular |
| ఉడువు uḍuvu | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | Poetic register only. | borrowed |
| ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ nakṣatra | Tulu South Canara (Tulu Nadu) | — | borrowed |
Sources
- Hassan Ahmed Maniku, A Concise Etymological Vocabulary of Dhivehi Language, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka, Special Volume XLIV (Colombo, 2000), s.v. avihi, p. 21 link
- Hassan Ahmed Maniku, A Concise Etymological Vocabulary of Dhivehi Language, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka, Special Volume XLIV (Colombo, 2000), s.v. nakaiy, p. 187 link
- Hassan Ahmed Maniku, A Concise Etymological Vocabulary of Dhivehi Language, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka, Special Volume XLIV (Colombo, 2000), s.v. reyva, p. 208 link
- Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. IX Part I: Gujarát Population, Hindus (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1901), pp. 352-353 link
- Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. IV: Ahmedabad (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1879), p. 61 link
- William Crooke, The Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India, 2nd ed. (Westminster: Archibald Constable, 1896), vol. I, p. 24 link
- S. W. Fallon, A New Hindustani-English Dictionary (Banaras/London, 1879), s.v. hath'iyā, p. 1197 link
- G. A. Grierson, Bihar Peasant Life (Calcutta, 1885), §1082, p. 271, with the table of asterisms pp. 272-73 link
- Kittel, F., A Kannaḍa-English Dictionary (orig. Mangalore: Basel Mission, 1894); cited from the revised and enlarged edition, [Madras] University of Madras, 1968-71, as keyed for DSAL, s.v. ಭರಣಿ bharaṇi, p. 1237 link
- Kittel, F., A Kannaḍa-English Dictionary (orig. Mangalore: Basel Mission, 1894); cited from the revised and enlarged edition, [Madras] University of Madras, 1968-71, as keyed for DSAL, s.v. ಚಿತ್ತೆ citte, p. 646 link
- Kittel, F., A Kannaḍa-English Dictionary (orig. Mangalore: Basel Mission, 1894); cited from the revised and enlarged edition, [Madras] University of Madras, 1968-71, as keyed for DSAL, s.v. ಧನಿಷ್ಠೆ dhaniṣṭhe, p. 868 link
- Kittel, F., A Kannaḍa-English Dictionary (orig. Mangalore: Basel Mission, 1894); cited from the revised and enlarged edition, [Madras] University of Madras, 1968-71, as keyed for DSAL, s.v. ಹುಬ್ಬೆ hubbe, p. 1745 link
- Kittel, F., A Kannaḍa-English Dictionary (orig. Mangalore: Basel Mission, 1894); cited from the revised and enlarged edition, [Madras] University of Madras, 1968-71, as keyed for DSAL, s.v. ಮಖೆ makhe, p. 1254 link
- Kittel, F., A Kannaḍa-English Dictionary (orig. Mangalore: Basel Mission, 1894); cited from the revised and enlarged edition, [Madras] University of Madras, 1968-71, as keyed for DSAL, s.v. ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ nakṣatra, p. 879 link
- Sir George Abraham Grierson, A Dictionary of the Kashmiri Language, compiled partly from materials left by the late Pandit Isvara Kaula (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1916-1932), s.v. nĕshitur, p. 657 link
- Gundert, A Malayalam and English Dictionary (1872), s.vv. അശ്വതി p. 64, ഭരം (ഭരണി) p. 759, കാര്ത്തിക p. 240, രോഹം (രോഹിണി) p. 889, മകയിരം p. 769, ആതിര p. 79, പുണര് (പുണര്തം) p. 673, ആയിലിയം p. 85, മകം p. 769, ഉത്രം (also ഉത്രാടം, ഉത്രട്ടാതി) p. 129, അത്തം p. 22, ചിത്ര p. 361, ചോതി p. 396, വിശരി (വിശാഖ) p. 961, അനുഴം p. 27, കേട്ട p. 293, മൂലം p. 853, പൂരണം (പൂരാടം) p. 693, ഓണം p. 184 / തിരുവോണം p. 459, അവിട്ടം p. 62, ചതയം p. 343, ഇരവതി p. 109 link
- Gundert, A Malayalam and English Dictionary (1872), s.v. നക്ഷത്രം nakṣatram, p. 524 link
- Gundert, A Malayalam and English Dictionary (1872), s.v. നാള് nāḷ, p. 547 (sense 2) link
- J. T. Molesworth, A Dictionary, Marathi and English, 2nd ed. rev. and enl. (Bombay: Bombay Education Society's Press, 1857), s.v. नक्षत्र, p. 454 link
- J. T. Molesworth, A Dictionary, Marathi and English, 2nd ed. rev. and enl. (Bombay: Bombay Education Society's Press, 1857), s.v. वळवा, p. 740 link
- J. T. Molesworth, A Dictionary, Marathi and English, 2nd ed. rev. and enl. (Bombay: Bombay Education Society's Press, 1857), s.v. वाफ, p. 748 link
- R. L. Turner, A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1931), s.v. भद्रा, p. 467 link
- R. L. Turner, A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1931), s.v. मुल्, p. 515 link
- Bhai Maya Singh, The Panjabi Dictionary (Lahore, 1895), s.v. magghá, p. 695 link
- Bhai Maya Singh, The Panjabi Dictionary (Lahore, 1895), s.v. nachhattar, p. 786 link
- Parmanand Mewaram, A Sindhi-English Dictionary (Hyderabad, Sind: The Sind Juvenile Co-operative Society, 1910), s.v. نَکَتْرُ, p. 597 link
- Carter, A Sinhalese-English Dictionary (Colombo, 1924), s.vv. අස්විද p. 84, බෙරණය p. 454, කැති නැකත p. 169, රෙහෙණ p. 542, අදේ p. 25, පුසේ·නැකත p. 400, අස්ලිස p. 83, මා·නැකත p. 491, උතුරුපල්ගුන p. 116, හත p. 713, සාය p. 673, විසා·නැකත p. 604, අනුර p. 37, දෙට p. 297, මුළ p. 507, පුව·සළ p. 399, උතුරු සළය p. 117, සුවණය p. 694, දෙනට p. 297, සිය·වස p. 682, පුවපුටුපේ p. 399, උතුරු පුටුපය p. 116, රේවතිය p. 542; Clough (1892) s.vv. Muwa-sirasa p. 493, Punáwasa p. 364, Puwapal p. 368 link
- Carter, A Sinhalese-English Dictionary (Colombo, 1924), s.v. නැකත nækata, p. 322 link
- G.V. Ramamurti, Sora-English Dictionary (Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1938), s.v. or-'roː-'tuj-ən, p. 195 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. ஐம்மீன், vol. I p. 579, citing the Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. கடைமீன், vol. II p. 680, citing the Tivākaram link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. காற்றுமுந்துநாள், vol. II p. 909, citing the Cūṭāmaṇi Nikaṇṭu link
- Paṭṭiṉappālai ll. 34-35, with Nacciṉārkkiṉiyar's commentary (ed. U. Vē. Cāminātaiyar); Project Madurai e-text PM 0479 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. மருத்துவநாள், vol. V p. 3092, citing the Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. மாரிநாள், vol. V p. 3173, citing the Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. நட்சத்திரம் sense 2, vol. IV p. 2135 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. நடுநாள் sense 3, vol. IV p. 2143, citing the Cūṭāmaṇi Nikaṇṭu link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. நாள் sense 7, vol. IV p. 2232; quoting Tolkāppiyam, Eḻuttatikāram 286 link
- Kalittokai 104, l. 27 (Neytaṟkali); Project Madurai e-text PM 0221 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. நீர்நாள், vol. IV p. 2303, citing the Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu link
- Thurston, E. (assisted by K. Rangachari), Castes and Tribes of Southern India (Madras: Government Press, 1909), vol. IV, article 'Lingāyat', p. 290 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. అసిలేరు asilēru, p. 103 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. బరణి baraṇi, p. 873 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. గుర్రము gurramu, p. 381 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. జన్నము ḍzannamu, p. 476 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. జోడు ḍzōḍu, p. 485 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. కొన kona, p. 319 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. కుమ్మర kummara, p. 296 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. కార్తె kārte, p. 276 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. మద్దెల maddela, p. 955 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. ముక్కంటి muk-kanṭi, p. 999 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. ముప్పది mup-padi, p. 1013 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. ముత్తెము muttemu, p. 1008 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. మీను mīnu, p. 996 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. నక్షత్రము nakshatramu, p. 628 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. నీరు nīru, p. 670 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. పెతరులు petarulu, p. 793 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. పొద poda, p. 813 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. పొట్ల poṭla, p. 809 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. పుబ్బ pubba, p. 774 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. పునాస punāsa, p. 773 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. రిక్క rikka, p. 1085 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. సప్పము sappamu, p. 1304 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. సాము sāmu, p. 1331 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. సోకు sōku, p. 1366 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. తొలుత toluta, p. 562 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. ఉడువు uḍuvu, p. 153 link
- Männer, Tuḷu–English Dictionary (1886), s.v. ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ nakṣatra, p. 348 link