Tamil
names 62objects 21ISO 639-3 tam
Spoken in Jaffna, Sri Lanka, Nāñcilnāṭu (Kanniyakumari district), Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu (Potiyil/Podigai hills), Tamil Nadu (coast).
vernacular 42 · folk 4 · borrowed 16
See the Tamil sky on the chart →
The sky in Tamil
| Name | Object | Meaning | Register |
|---|---|---|---|
| கோண்மீன் kōṇ-mīṉ (kōḷ-mīṉ) | 'Planet' as a word | seizing-star, grasping-star (kōḷ 'seizure, planet') The Tamil opposition between the wandering and the fixed lights: kōṇmīṉ 'planet' against nāṇmīṉ 'lunar mansion'. The Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai simile is of the sun ringed by planets. | vernacular |
| மீன் mīṉ | 'Star' as a word | 'the shining one', from miṉṉu- 'to flash, glitter' The ordinary Tamil word for star from the Caṅkam period to the present, and the base of nearly every indigenous Tamil star-name. Winslow adds the colloquial மீன் முளைத்திருக்கிறது 'stars appear', marked 'Vulgar usage', and the proverb மதியை மீன் சூழ்ந்ததுபோல 'as the stars surround the moon'. | vernacular |
| தாரகை tārakai | 'Star' as a word | Sanskrit tārakā in Tamil form; the collective தாராகணம் tārā-kaṇam and தாரகாகணம் tārakā-kaṇam are the Tamil terms for a constellation or star-cluster. | borrowed |
| உடு uṭu | 'Star' as a word | Sanskrit uḍu in Tamil phonology, a learned word of the nikaṇṭus rather than of speech. Winslow glosses it simply 'A star, விண்மீன்'. | borrowed |
| விண்மீன் viṇ-mīṉ | 'Star' as a word | sky-star The standard modern Tamil word for a star, distinguishing it unambiguously from mīṉ 'fish'. The Lexicon records the colloquial contraction விம்மீன் vimmīṉ, marked 'Loc.' | vernacular |
| காற்றினாள் kāṟṟiṉāḷ | Arcturus | the wind's star (kāṟṟu 'wind' + nāḷ) The only Tamil word the Lexicon's English side returns for a search on 'Arcturus'. A Tamil translation of the Sanskrit Vāyavya: the Wind-god's asterism, rendered with the ordinary Tamil word for wind. | vernacular |
| ஐப்பசி aippaci | Aśvayuj (Sheratan) | from Skt. āśvayuj, 'joined to the Aśvins' One of the twelve Tamil month-names still in daily use, all of them asterism-derived. The Lexicon records that the word also names the asterism itself. | borrowed |
| அகத்தியன் akattiyaṉ | Canopus | Agastya (the sage), in Tamil form The Tamil form of Agastya, both the sage credited with the first Tamil grammar and the star of which he is the regent. The Lexicon's quotation is from the commentary on Paripāṭal and calls it plainly 'the star named Agastiyaṉ'. | borrowed |
| பொதியில் முனிவன் potiyil muṉivaṉ | Canopus | the sage of the Potiyil hill A TAMIL LOCALISATION of the Canopus-sage: Agastya named not by his Sanskrit name but by the southern Tamil mountain he is said to dwell on. The verse describes him cleaving the high ridge and reaching Gemini — the star's heliacal position in a datable sky-description. | vernacular |
| புகைக்கொடி pukai-k-koṭi | Comets | smoke-banner, streamer of smoke A Tamil formation for a comet, from the Cilappatikāram's list of portents; the metaphor is a banner or creeper of smoke rather than a tailed star. | vernacular |
| தூமம் tūmam | Comets | smoke (< Skt. dhūma) The Caṅkam word for a comet as a portent, in the Puṟanāṉūṟu omen-triad beside Saturn and Venus. | borrowed |
| வால்மீன் vāl-mīṉ | Comets | tail-star The living Tamil word for a comet, formed on vāl 'tail' + mīṉ 'star'; வால்நட்சத்திரம் vāl-naṭcattiram is the same compound with the Sanskrit word for star, and is the commoner modern form. | vernacular |
| சங்கு caṅku | Measuring the sky | 'a stake, a peg, a spike' The Tamil Lexicon's second sense at this headword, after 'stake, peg, spike'. | borrowed |
| விண்வீழ்கொள்ளி viṇ-vīḻ-koḷḷi | Meteors and shooting stars | sky-falling firebrand The standard Tamil term for a meteor, and the word the Lexicon uses to define the Sanskrit uṟkam and tūmakētu. Entirely Tamil in its elements. | vernacular |
| வீழ்மீன் vīḻ-mīṉ | Meteors and shooting stars | falling star The -mīṉ form of the same idea, and the one attested in the commentary tradition on the Tolkāppiyam. | vernacular |
| மும்மீன் mu-m-mīṉ | Orion | three-star, the three stars A Tamil counting-name, from மூ 'three', for the asterism the Sanskrit tradition calls 'the deer's head'. Recorded by the Tivākaram, the oldest surviving Tamil glossary. | vernacular |
| திருவாதிரை tiru-v-ātirai | Orion | holy Ātirai (Skt. ārdrā), with the Tamil honorific tiru- The only Tamil word the Lexicon's English side returns for a search on 'Orion'. It is the Sanskrit Ārdrā with the Tamil honorific prefixed, and it carries a Śaiva festival and a girl's pre-marriage rite with it. | borrowed |
| மாசி māci | Regulus | from Skt. māgha, the month of the Magha asterism The one Tamil month-name attested by name in the Caṅkam corpus itself, described there by its astronomical property: the month in which the day does not lengthen and the night grows. | borrowed |
| மைம்மீன் mai-m-mīṉ | Saturn | black star (mai 'blackness, collyrium') Named by colour, like veṇmīṉ 'white star' for Venus and cemmīṉ 'red star'. The Puṟanāṉūṟu line stacks three portents — the black star smoking, a comet appearing, Venus running to the south — and says the good king's land is watered even so. | vernacular |
| ஐப்பசிக்குழப்பம் aippaci-k-kuḻappam | Seasonal and agricultural star-markers | the Aippaci turmoil A WEATHER TERM keyed to an asterism-named month — the practical end of the Tamil star-calendar, matching āṟāmīṉ-aṟavōṭṭu among the seamen. | folk |
| சகடம் cakaṭam | The Hyades | cart, wagon The V of the Hyades seen as a bullock-cart. Sanskrit śakaṭa in Tamil form, but the figure itself is the shared South Asian one; the Tamil Lexicon lists the asterism sense among the ordinary cart senses without comment. | borrowed |
| மணலக்கம்பம் maṇalakkampam | The Milky Way | An opaque Tamil name for the galaxy recorded only from the Yāḻppāṇa Akarāti; the Lexicon itself will not commit to an etymology. | vernacular |
| மாசு mācu | The Milky Way | stain, spot, blemish A TAMIL NAME WITH NO SANSKRIT MODEL: the galaxy as a smudge on the sky, not as a celestial river. Every Sanskrit name for the Milky Way is a Ganges-metaphor; this one is not. | vernacular |
| நாகவீதி nāka-vīti | The Milky Way | serpent-street A SEMANTIC DIVERGENCE worth recording. The word is Sanskrit Nāgavīthī, but in Tamil lexicography it denotes the Milky Way, whereas in the Sanskrit tradition Nāgavīthī is one of the nine star-roads (vīthī) of the ecliptic belt, not the galaxy at all. | borrowed |
| பால்வீதிமண்டலம் pāl-vīti-maṇṭalam | The Milky Way | the milk-street region The standard Tamil astronomical term, and the word by which the Lexicon defines every other Milky Way name. The Lexicon marks it '(Astron.)' and glosses it with the Latin via lactea. | vernacular |
| பூராடமாசு pūrāṭa-mācu | The Milky Way | the Pūrāṭam stain — the smudge at the twentieth asterism The galaxy named for the part of the zodiac where it is brightest. Pūrāṭam is Pūrvāṣāḍhā, in Sagittarius — which is where the Milky Way's central bulge lies. The name is an accurate piece of sky-description. | vernacular |
| ஆகாசகங்கை ākāca-kaṅkai | The Milky Way | sky-Ganges Sanskrit Ākāśagaṅgā in Tamil phonology; the whole Ganges-in-the-sky family enters Tamil intact. | borrowed |
| அறுமீன் aṟu-mīṉ | The Pleiades | six-star, the six stars The indigenous Tamil name of the Pleiades, formed from ஆறு āṟu 'six' + mīṉ 'star', and attested in the Caṅkam corpus. It is the Tamil counting-name, independent of the Sanskrit Kṛttikā, though the Lexicon glosses it with கார்த்திகை. | vernacular |
| அறுவாய் aṟu-vāy | The Pleiades | six-part, six-mouthed A third Tamil counting-name for the Pleiades, from the same numeral ஆறு. | vernacular |
| எரிநாள் eri-nāḷ | The Pleiades | fire-star, the star of fire A Tamil translation, not a borrowing: the Sanskrit Āgneya 'belonging to Agni' rendered with the native Tamil words எரி 'fire' and நாள் 'asterism'. | vernacular |
| இறால் iṟāl | The Pleiades | A Tamil name of the Pleiades recorded by the Tivākaram, of obscure motivation. | vernacular |
| கார்த்திகை kārttikai | The Pleiades | Sanskrit Kṛttikā in Tamil phonology — asterism, month, and the lamp-festival of the Kārttikai full moon in one word, and by far the most alive of the Sanskritic star-names in Tamil. | borrowed |
| வாகுலை vākulai | The Pleiades | Sanskrit Vahulā (cf. Bahulā, a Sanskrit name of the Pleiades) in Tamil form, recorded from the Yāḻppāṇa Akarāti, the Jaffna Tamil dictionary. | borrowed |
| ஆறாமீன் āṟā-mīṉ | The Pleiades | six-star (variant of aṟu-mīṉ) A second form of the counting-name, and the one that carries the seamen's compound below. | vernacular |
| ஆறாமீனறவோட்டு āṟā-mīṉ-aṟa-v-ōṭṭu | The Pleiades | the running-through of the six stars A SEAMEN'S TERM — the clearest surviving trace in the lexica of Tamil coastal star-reckoning. The Pleiades segment of the zodiac marks the season of dangerous weather for boats. | folk |
| ஐம்மீன் ai-m-mīṉ | The lunar mansions as a system | five-star, the five stars A Tamil counting-name from ஐ 'five', and the Lexicon states the reason: the asterism has five principal stars — the quadrilateral of Corvus with its fifth. | vernacular |
| கடைமீன் kaṭai-mīṉ | The lunar mansions as a system | last star, the star at the end A positional Tamil name — Revatī named simply as the last of the twenty-seven. It pairs with ātimīṉ and talaināḷ, 'first star', for Aśvinī. | vernacular |
| காற்றுமுந்துநாள் kāṟṟu-muntu-nāḷ | The lunar mansions as a system | the star that the wind-star precedes THE PUREST VERNACULAR FORMATION IN THIS FILE. Viśākhā is named neither by its deity nor by its shape but purely by its place in the Tamil sequence — the asterism that comes after kāṟṟiṉāḷ. Nothing in Sanskrit corresponds. | vernacular |
| மகவெண்மீன் maka-veṇ-mīṉ | The lunar mansions as a system | the Magha white-star THE ONE INDIGENOUS CONSTELLATION-FIGURE recovered by this compilation. Nacciṉārkkiṉiyar, glossing this compound, says the Magha asterism 'has the shape of a bent yoke' — the Sickle of Leo seen as a crooked ox-yoke, which is why the poet uses it as a simile for the curving bank of a temple tank. | vernacular |
| மருத்துவநாள் maruttuva-nāḷ | The lunar mansions as a system | physician-star, the star of the physicians A Tamil TRANSLATION of the deity rather than a borrowing of the name: the Aśvins are the physicians of the gods, and Tamil renders them with the native word maruttuvar 'physicians'. | vernacular |
| மாரிநாள் māri-nāḷ | The lunar mansions as a system | rain-star, the star of the rains An AGRICULTURAL star-name: the twelfth asterism named for the rain. It is the only asterism in the Lexicon named for a season rather than a deity, a shape or a number. | vernacular |
| நட்சத்திரம் naṭcattiram | The lunar mansions as a system | THE COMPACT RECORD OF THE SANSKRITIC LAYER. This one entry carries the canonical Tamil forms of all 27 nakshatras as the Tamil Lexicon prints them, so that the rest of this file can be spent on names that are not Sanskrit. | borrowed |
| நடுநாள் naṭu-nāḷ | The lunar mansions as a system | the middle star A TAMIL NAME WITH NO SANSKRIT MODEL: Citrā named purely by its position, the fourteenth of twenty-seven, the exact midpoint of the series. Nothing about the deity or the appearance enters into it. | vernacular |
| நாள் nāḷ | The lunar mansions as a system | day The commonest Tamil term for a lunar asterism, and the second element of the whole -nāḷ class of Tamil asterism-names recorded below. The semantic bridge is the day named by the asterism the moon is in. | vernacular |
| நாண்மீன் nāṇ-mīṉ | The lunar mansions as a system | day-star The Caṅkam term for the lunar mansions collectively, explicitly opposed by the Lexicon to கோண்மீன் kōṇmīṉ 'planet'. The Kalittokai image is of the moon ringed by the asterisms. | vernacular |
| நீர்நாள் nīr-nāḷ | The lunar mansions as a system | water-star, the star of the waters A Tamil translation of the deity — Pūrvāṣāḍhā's presiding power is the Waters (Āpas) — with the native word nīr. | vernacular |
| துருவம் turuvam | The pole star | Sanskrit Dhruva in Tamil phonology. No indigenous Tamil name for the pole star was found in either the Tamil Lexicon or Winslow — every Tamil term for it is built on this loan. | borrowed |
| செம்மீன் cem-mīṉ | Ursa Major (the Big Dipper) | red star One Tamil name with three competing referents in the Caṅkam corpus itself. In Patiṟṟuppattu 31 it is a chaste woman's exemplar 'foremost among the women who move in the sky', i.e. Arundhatī among the ṛṣis' wives; in Puṟanāṉūṟu 60 it is a red star twinkling in the high sky. | vernacular |
| சிறுமீன் ciṟu-mīṉ | Ursa Major (the Big Dipper) | small star The strongest Caṅkam identification of Arundhatī, because the poet gives the star's position as well as its name: 'the small star that shines in the northern quarter of the great good sky'. | vernacular |
| சுடர்ச்சக்கரம் cuṭar-c-cakkaram | Ursa Major (the Big Dipper) | wheel of light A Tamil formation for the Great Bear conceived as the turning polar wheel; the commentary passage quoted makes it the reference circle against which the planets' positions are described. | vernacular |
| சாலினி cāliṉi | Ursa Major (the Big Dipper) | A name for Arundhatī used in one of the most striking sky-passages in the Caṅkam corpus: of the seven women dwelling by the shining banyan in the northern quarter, one — the divine star Cāliṉi — abstains, and the other six partake, and so become the Pleiades who bear Murugan. | borrowed |
| எழுமீன் eḻu-mīṉ | Ursa Major (the Big Dipper) | seven-star, the seven stars The indigenous Tamil name of the Great Bear, from ஏழு ēḻu 'seven'. The Naṟṟiṇai simile — white sea-crows settling on the dark sea like the Seven Stars in a clear sky, 'in the manner of hands folded in worship' — shows the asterism was both named and venerated in Caṅkam Tamil. | vernacular |
| பெரியகரடி periya-karaṭi | Ursa Major (the Big Dipper) | big bear A LATE CALQUE, not indigenous: the European 'Great Bear' translated word for word into Tamil, recorded by the Lexicon's Supplement and marked 'Pond.', i.e. current at Pondicherry. Recorded here precisely so that it is not mistaken for old Tamil sky-lore. | folk |
| உத்தரமீன் uttara-mīṉ | Ursa Major (the Big Dipper) | northern star (Skt. uttara 'north' + Tamil mīṉ) A hybrid of the same idea as vaṭa-mīṉ, with the Sanskrit word for north. The Lexicon's definition is unusually precise about which star is meant. | vernacular |
| வடமீன் vaṭa-mīṉ | Ursa Major (the Big Dipper) | northern star The standard Caṅkam figure for a wife's chastity — 'the lady of gentle words whose chastity is like the northern star'. The comparison is to a star that never leaves its place. | vernacular |
| வெள்ளி veḷḷi | Venus | the white one, the silver one (from veṇ-mai 'whiteness') THE central Caṅkam sky-word. Venus quitting its proper station and moving to the southern quarter is the standard Tamil omen of drought and failed kingship; Puṟanāṉūṟu 35 makes the good king's land yield even so. | vernacular |
| வெண்மீன் veṇ-mīṉ | Venus | white star The opening words of Paṭṭiṉappālai, and the same drought-omen as veḷḷi: 'even if the blameless-famed shining white star should turn from its quarter and go south'. | vernacular |
| மாலைவெள்ளி mālai-veḷḷi | Venus as evening star | evening-white The evening-star half of the Tamil pair; the morning half is viṭiveḷḷi / kālaiveḷḷi. | vernacular |
| சொக்கவெள்ளி cokka-veḷḷi | Venus as morning star | pure/refined silver; hence the morning star A FOLK USE with a practical function: the Lexicon's illustrative sentence is a traveller's, 'The morning star has risen, so let us set out.' Marked Nāñ., i.e. the Nāñcilnāṭu dialect of the far south. | folk |
| வைகுறுமீன் vaikuṟu-mīṉ | Venus as morning star | daybreak-star (vaikuṟu 'to become dawn') The Caṅkam name for the morning star. In Akanāṉūṟu 17 the last silk-cotton blossoms scattered by the wind along a desert road are compared to it. | vernacular |
| வெடி veṭi | Venus as morning star | A nikaṇṭu word for the morning star, recorded from the Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu. | vernacular |
| விடிவெள்ளி viṭi-veḷḷi | Venus as morning star | dawn-white, the white one of daybreak The everyday modern Tamil name of the morning star, and the word the Lexicon uses to define all the others. | vernacular |
Sources
- Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai ll. 242-243; Project Madurai e-text PM 0064 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. மீன்¹, vol. VI p. 3214; quoting Tirukkuṟaḷ 1116 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. தாரகை¹, vol. III p. 1843; quoting Tirukkōvaiyār 116 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. உடு³, vol. I p. 399, citing the Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. விண்மீன், vol. VI p. 3665, citing the Cūṭāmaṇi Nikaṇṭu link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. காற்றினாள், vol. II p. 909, citing the Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. ஐப்பசி, vol. I p. 578; quoting Cīvakacintāmaṇi 1770 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. அகத்தியன் sense 2, vol. I p. 10; quoting the commentary on Paripāṭal 11, 11 link
- Paripāṭal 11, ll. 11-12 (by Nallantuvaṉār); Project Madurai e-text PM 0087 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. புகைக்கொடி, vol. V p. 2743; quoting the aruñcolpporuḷ on Cilappatikāram 20, 102 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. தூமம் sense 6, vol. IV p. 2018; quoting Puṟanāṉūṟu 117 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. வால்மீன், vol. VI p. 3616, marked (W.) after Winslow; and s.v. வான்மீன்², p. 3626, citing the Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu link
- Tamil Lexicon, published under the authority of the University of Madras (Madras, 1924-1939), s.v. சங்கு⁵, vol. III p. 1229 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. விண்வீழ்கொள்ளி, vol. VI p. 3666, citing the Cūṭāmaṇi Nikaṇṭu link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. வீழ்மீன், vol. VI p. 3762; quoting the commentary on Tolkāppiyam, Poruḷatikāram 91 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. மும்மீன், vol. V p. 3272, citing the Tivākaram link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. திருவாதிரை, vol. IV p. 1917, citing the Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu link
- Patiṟṟuppattu 59, ll. 1-2 (Sixth Ten); Project Madurai e-text PM 0038 link
- Puṟanāṉūṟu 117, ll. 1-2 (by Kapilar); Project Madurai e-text PM 0057 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. ஐப்பசிக்குழப்பம், vol. I p. 578, marked (J.) link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. சகடம்¹ sense 4, vol. III p. 1255, citing the Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. மணலக்கம்பம், vol. V p. 3038, citing the Yāḻppāṇa Akarāti link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. மாசு¹ sense 11, vol. V p. 3147, marked (W.) after Winslow link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. நாகவீதி, vol. IV p. 2200, citing the Yāḻppāṇa Akarāti link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. பால்வீதிமண்டலம், vol. V p. 2628, marked (W.) after Winslow link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. பூராடமாசு, vol. V p. 2847, marked (W.) after Winslow link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. ஆகாசகங்கை, vol. I p. 205 link
- Naṟṟiṇai 202, ll. 8-9 (Pālai, by Pālai Pāṭiya Peruṅkaṭuṅkō); Project Madurai e-text PM 0296 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. அறுவாய்², vol. I p. 182; quoting Kallāṭam 90, 9 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. எரிநாள், vol. I p. 531, citing the Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. இறால் sense 3, vol. I p. 363, citing the Tivākaram link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. கார்த்திகை, vol. II p. 880 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. வாகுலை, vol. VI p. 3574, citing the Yāḻppāṇa Akarāti link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. ஆறாமீன், vol. I p. 259 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. ஆறாமீனறவோட்டு, vol. I p. 259, marked (W.) after Winslow link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. ஐம்மீன், vol. I p. 579, citing the Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. கடைமீன், vol. II p. 680, citing the Tivākaram link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. காற்றுமுந்துநாள், vol. II p. 909, citing the Cūṭāmaṇi Nikaṇṭu link
- Paṭṭiṉappālai ll. 34-35, with Nacciṉārkkiṉiyar's commentary (ed. U. Vē. Cāminātaiyar); Project Madurai e-text PM 0479 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. மருத்துவநாள், vol. V p. 3092, citing the Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. மாரிநாள், vol. V p. 3173, citing the Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. நட்சத்திரம் sense 2, vol. IV p. 2135 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. நடுநாள் sense 3, vol. IV p. 2143, citing the Cūṭāmaṇi Nikaṇṭu link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. நாள் sense 7, vol. IV p. 2232; quoting Tolkāppiyam, Eḻuttatikāram 286 link
- Kalittokai 104, l. 27 (Neytaṟkali); Project Madurai e-text PM 0221 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. நீர்நாள், vol. IV p. 2303, citing the Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. துருவம் sense 4, vol. IV p. 1984, marked (W.) after Winslow link
- Patiṟṟuppattu 31, ll. 26-28 (Fourth Ten, by Kāppiyāṟṟuk Kāppiyaṉār); Project Madurai e-text PM 0038 link
- Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai ll. 302-303 (by Kaṭiyalūr Uruttiraṅkaṇṇaṉār); Project Madurai e-text PM 0069 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. சுடர்ச்சக்கரம், vol. III p. 1502; quoting the commentary on Paripāṭal 19, 46 link
- Paripāṭal 5, ll. 43-45; Project Madurai e-text PM 0087 link
- Naṟṟiṇai 231, ll. 1-2 (Neytal, by Iḷanākaṉār); Project Madurai e-text PM 0296 link
- Tamil Lexicon Supplement (University of Madras, 1939), s.v. பெரியகரடி, p. S372, marked Pond. link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. உத்தரமீன், vol. I p. 408; quoting Cētupurāṇam, Tuttamai 6 link
- Puṟanāṉūṟu 122, l. 8 (by Kapilar, on Malaiyamāṉ Tirumuṭikkāri); Project Madurai e-text PM 0057 link
- Puṟanāṉūṟu 35, ll. 6-7 (by Veḷḷaikkuṭi Nākaṉār, on Cōḻaṉ Kuḷamuṟṟattut Tuñciya Kiḷḷivaḷavaṉ); Project Madurai e-text PM 0057 link
- Paṭṭiṉappālai ll. 1-2 (by Kaṭiyalūr Uruttiraṅkaṇṇaṉār); Project Madurai e-text PM 0077 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. மாலைவெள்ளி, vol. V p. 3179, marked (W.) after Winslow link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. சொக்கவெள்ளி sense 2, vol. III p. 1646, marked Nāñ. link
- Akanāṉūṟu 17 (Pālai); text and commentary of Na. Mu. Vēṅkaṭacāmi Nāṭṭār, Project Madurai e-text PM 0490_01 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. வெடி⁴, vol. VI p. 3773, citing the Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. விடிவெள்ளி, vol. VI p. 3659, marked (W.) after Winslow link