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The Milky Way
the Milky Way
names 74languages 39
In the classical tradition this is आकाशगङ्गा Ākāśagaṅgā, attested in 3 texts.
The names
vernacular 19 · folk 13 · tribal 25 · borrowed 17
| Name | Language | Meaning | Register |
|---|---|---|---|
| ig-yádowa- | Andamanese South Andaman (Aka-Bea and neighbouring tribes) | Poetically described as the road used by the mòrowin-, the spirits Man renders 'angels'. | tribal |
| Pfiüdzücha | Angami Naga the Angami country, Naga Hills (now Nagaland) | 'Pfiü's water channel' It bears the name of the Barak river, which divides the Kacha Naga country. When it is visible fine weather is expected; it is most visible at the beginning of the cold weather, when it lies north to south as the Barak does. | tribal |
| chunglam mesü sitangba (C); tsungtam mezü tithangba (M) | Ao Naga the Ao country, Naga Hills (now Nagaland) | 'cold-weather rains-divider' As it moves from north to south across the sky the earth comes under the cold half of the firmament, and as it moves back comes under the warm half again. | tribal |
| হাতীপটি hātīpaṭi | Assamese Assam | 'elephant-track' — the beaten path elephants make through jungle The primary sense in the dictionary is the literal jungle elephant-track; the galaxy is sense 2. Exactly the same metaphor, with the same primary sense, is the recorded Odia name — ହାତିଦଣ୍ଡା hātidaṇḍā (Praharaj p. 4095, and Sambalpuri ହାଁଥିଧରସା p. 9036). This is the strongest vernacular isogloss in this file. | folk |
| অজবীথি ajabīthi | Bengali Bengal | 'the goat-road' Marked '(rare)'. This is a semantic shift, not an inheritance: in the Sanskrit sources Ajavīthī is one of the nine vīthīs, a three-nakṣatra segment of the ecliptic belt (see sanskrit_db_id ajavithi), never the galaxy. Both Biswas for Bengali and the Chandrakanta Abhidhana for Assamese gloss it 'Milky Way', so the shift is shared across the eastern lexicographic tradition. | borrowed |
| ছায়াপথ chāyā-patha | Bengali Bengal | 'the shadow-path' The ordinary modern Bengali word for the galaxy, and the one used in Bengali popular science. | borrowed |
| দুধপথ dudh-patha | Bengali Bengal | 'the milk-road' Listed by Dāsa among the Bengali synonyms of ছায়াপথ, and again under হরিতালী (p. 2133). This is the one indigenous eastern name for the galaxy that agrees with the European one, and Dāsa gives it without comment beside আকাশগঙ্গা and যমের জাঙ্গাল. | vernacular |
| হরিতালী, হরিতালিকা haritālī, haritālikā | Bengali Bengal | uncertain; the word's other senses are the bright-fourth of Bhādra and dūrvā grass Defined by its orientation: 'a white line running north-and-south across the path of the sky'. Praharaj's Odia entries for the same word (pp. 8972-8973) define it the same way and with the same orientation clause, and list it among the Sanskrit names of the Chāyāpatha at p. 4095. | borrowed |
| যমজাঙ্গাল yama-jāṅgāla | Bengali Bengal | 'Yama's jāṅgāl' — a jāṅgāl is a raised earthen causeway or embankment across flooded land Sub-lemma ~জাঙ্গাল under the headword যম (Yama, god of death). The image is of the galaxy as the raised road on which the dead travel — the deltaic-Bengal counterpart of the Odia hātidaṇḍā and Assamese hātīpaṭi 'elephant-track' (both in this file). | vernacular |
| যমের জাঙ্গাল (যমজাঙ্গাল) yamer jāṅgāl (yama-jāṅgāla) | Bengali Bengal | 'Yama's causeway' The second, independent attestation of the name — Dāsa lists it among the synonyms of ছায়াপথ (p. 812) and again as a sub-headword under যম (p. 1811), where it is equated with আকাশগঙ্গা, সোমধারা, দেবপথ and ছায়াপথ. | vernacular |
| [Jeth and sunbai's road; no single form printed] | Bhili Varpada, Bhil village, north-western Maharashtra | 'the road of Jeth (the husband's elder brother) and of the sunbai (the daughter-in-law)' The band visibly forks, and the story explains the fork: a man walking the main path meets his younger brother's wife coming the other way, and out of respect for her husband's elder brother she turns aside and takes the other path. | tribal |
| Vyay Raik | Central Nicobarese (Camorta) Camorta, Nancowry group, Central Nicobars | 'a spring of water' Also given in the paper's prose as Vuay Raik and Vuaya Raik, 'a water stream'. | tribal |
| Gajvīthi (named elsewhere in the same work) | Chhattisgarhi Chhattisgarh (Dhuri caste, rice-parchers) | the track of the elephant The path by which the elephant of the heavens passes from south to north to feed on young bamboo shoots, of which he is very fond. | folk |
| Matma-Ja·kol | Garo the Garo Hills, Assam (now Meghalaya) | 'the foot-prints of the buffalo' The sacrificial buffalo, terrified by the horns and drums, broke away and galloped off; the band across the sky is its track and the marks of its hoofs. | tribal |
| Sagur, Sagarpath, Dhor Sari, Murana Sagur, Pandhan, Hari, Sadak, Marg, Rasta | Gondi Nagpur region: Chandrapur, Yavatmal, Gondia (Maharashtra), Adilabad (Telangana), Balaghat, Seoni, Mandla (Madhya Pradesh) | the road; the path of the animals Understood as the great path of animal migration. | tribal |
| Bhagwān kī Kachahrī | Hindi Punjab and northern India (contributed to a Panjab journal) | 'God's court-house' The colonial district court transposed to the sky - kachahrī is the ordinary word for a magistrate's court. Crooke picked this name up from the same source and reprinted it. | folk |
| Sufed Bādhī | Hindi northern India | 'the white garland' Printed in the original note as 'Supesh Bidhi, the way of fate' and corrected by the contributor himself in a later note - a good example of why the correction slip matters. | folk |
| Surg Dwārī | Hindi northern India | 'the gate of heaven' svarga 'heaven' + dvārī 'gateway', in vernacular shape. Crooke gives the same as Swarga-duari, 'the door of Paradise'. | folk |
| هتهيا کي راه hathiyā kī rāh | Hindi Hindustani generally | 'the road of Hathiyā (the Hasta asterism)' The same 'road' image, but named for hathiyā, the thirteenth lunar mansion - the hand-shaped asterism in Corvus which in the Hindi belt is above all the season of the closing rains. A sky-road named after a calendar station, not after a bright star. | folk |
| hāthī kī rāh | Hindi Hindustani generally | 'the elephant's road' A folk name that answers to the Sanskrit Gajavīthī, 'the elephant's course' - Platts records gaj-vīthī for the Milky Way as well (p. 898) - but here it is built from the ordinary Hindi word hāthī, not from Sanskrit gaja. | folk |
| आकास / آکاس ākāś-gaṅgā (akkās gaṅgā) | Hindi Hindustani generally | 'the sky-Ganges' The Sanskrit name carried into Hindi with a vernacular first member (akkās for ākāśa). Recorded here because every other Milky Way name in this file is explicitly glossed against it - it is the reference point the folk names are measured from. | borrowed |
| ಬಾನ್ದೊಱೆ bāndoṟe | Kannada Karnataka (Mysore, Canara, Deccan) | the sky-river | vernacular |
| ಬಾಂಗಡಲ್ bāṅgaḍal | Kannada Karnataka (Mysore, Canara, Deccan) | the sky-sea | vernacular |
| ಬಾಂಗೆಱೆ bāṅgeṟe | Kannada Karnataka (Mysore, Canara, Deccan) | the sky-tank A Dravidian figure for the galaxy: not a river but an irrigation tank, the standing water of the Karnataka countryside. | vernacular |
| ಆಕಾಶಗಂಗೆ ākāśagaṅge | Kannada Karnataka (Mysore, Canara, Deccan) | the sky-Ganges | borrowed |
| आकाशगङ्ग ākāshĕ-gang | Kashmiri Kashmir valley | 'the Ganges of the sky' | borrowed |
| Margam / Panadi / Bhori Sanko / Jev | Kolami Kolam villages of Yavatmal and Chandrapur districts, Vidarbha, Maharashtra, and adjoining Adilabad, Telangana | 'an animal path' Eight of ten villages. | tribal |
| Akāsagaṅgā | Konkani South Kanara / Mangalore | the sky-Ganges Maffei marks it Mr. Cn. — Marathi and Canarese — and says it is not used in Konkani | borrowed |
| dudavat | Konkani South Kanara / Mangalore | milk-road (conjectural: dudh 'milk' + vāṭ 'way') marked (H. K.) — Maffei's abbreviation for a word used especially by Hindu Konkans, as against the Christian Konkani of Mangalore | folk |
| molbamārog | Konkani South Kanara / Mangalore | the road that is on the sky | vernacular |
| Devgan Panchayat | Korku Melghat, Amravati district, Maharashtra, and adjoining Betul and Khandwa districts, Madhya Pradesh | 'the assembly of the gods' A named place within the Milky Way rather than a name for the whole band. One village in twelve also called the whole Milky Way a council of gods; nine called it a path. | tribal |
| gāy-chour bīnkō | Kurukh Chota Nagpur plateau (Oraon country), Jharkhand | the cattle-track constellation chour is the broad way for the cattle, from the skirts of the village up to the main road. | tribal |
| Mardaar wat | Lambadi (Banjara) Banjara tandas of Vidarbha, Maharashtra (villages in the Nagpur–Amravati–Yavatmal region) | 'the path of the dead', also given as 'the path of animals' The Banjaras hold that the dead travel the Milky Way. Reported in four of six villages. | tribal |
| Pandi | Lambadi (Banjara) Banjara tandas of Vidarbha, Maharashtra (villages in the Nagpur–Amravati–Yavatmal region) | 'the path of the animals' At Katarwadi, with the orientation given as north-south. | tribal |
| സുരവാഹിനി suravāhini | Malayalam Kerala (Malabar, Cochin, Travancore) | 'the river of the gods' | borrowed |
| ആകാശഗംഗ ākāśagaṅga | Malayalam Kerala (Malabar, Cochin, Travancore) | 'the sky-Ganges' | borrowed |
| Sonatachhiarari | Mara (Lakher) the Lakher country, southern Lushai Hills (now southern Mizoram) and the Chin Hills | 'rains and dry weather boundary' When a larger expanse of sky is visible north of the Milky Way the rains are approaching; a larger expanse to the south heralds the cold weather. | tribal |
| Kavadgantak | Marathi Bombay Presidency (Deccan and Konkan) | — | folk |
| Vastupurush | Marathi Bombay Presidency (Deccan and Konkan) | the Vāstu-puruṣa, the cosmic man of the building site | folk |
| मंदाकिनी mandākinī | Marathi Maharashtra | — | borrowed |
| आकाशगंगा ākāśagaṅgā | Marathi Maharashtra | the sky-Ganges | borrowed |
| ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯇꯨꯔꯦꯜ ningthou turel | Meitei (Manipuri) Manipur | 'the king's river' Sharma gives the morphology: ningthou 'king' + turel 'stream'. | tribal |
| thlasik kawng | Mizo (Lushai) the Lushai Hills, Assam (now Mizoram) | 'the winter road' thlasik is the cold season; kawng is a road. The neighbouring headwords are thlasik ni kîr 'the winter solstice' and thlasik tui hnawt chhuaktu, the rain that warms the rivers at the end of the cold season. | tribal |
| gaiko hora, gaiko hor, gaikoiḍ, caṭar | Mundari Chota Nagpur plateau, Ranchi district, Jharkhand | the cattle road The village cattle-road along which the herd is driven out a little before dawn and led back at night. Siṅgboṅga's cattle are driven along it by Lugu, his cowherd. | tribal |
| आकाश गंगा ākāśa gaṅgā | Newar (Nepal Bhasa) the Kathmandu valley | 'the Ganges of the sky' Manandhar glosses it 'the celestial Ganges, a heavenly river, Milky Way' and marks it a loan. | borrowed |
| dāk-oal-kalahoiya; oal-kalahoiya | Nicobarese Central Nicobars (Nancowry group) | river in the sky | tribal |
| ହରିତାଳୀ (ହରିତାଳିକା) Haritāḻī (Haritāḻikā) | Odia Odisha | uncertain; the word's other senses are the Bhādra festival day and the sharp edge of a sword Notable for its orientation clause, which none of the other Milky Way words in this file carry: the galaxy AS IT RUNS FROM SOUTH TO NORTH ACROSS THE SKY. Praharaj lists Haritāḻī among the Sanskrit names of the Chāyāpatha at p. 4095. | borrowed |
| ହାତିଦଣ୍ଡା Hātidaṇḍā | Odia Odisha | 'the elephant-road' — the trampled lane elephants drive through jungle Given by Praharaj as THE Odia name of the galaxy, in square brackets after the Sanskrit, Latin and Greek names, at the end of his article on the Chāyāpatha. The literal sense is described in detail under the headword ହାତି (p. 9088): these lanes run for hundreds of kos, about twenty feet wide and twenty feet high, so cleanly stripped that they look swept. | folk |
| ହାଁଥିଧରସା (ହାଥି ଧର୍ସା) Hāñthi dharasā (Hāti dhar-sā) | Odia Sambalpur (western Odisha) | 'elephant-track' The Sambalpuri form of the same name, entered twice with the same two senses in the same order — jungle elephant-track, then the galaxy. | folk |
| Khagar, Sadak, Rasta, Dandi, Javanu Dandi | Pardhi fourteen Pardhi villages of the Amravati and Yeotmal districts, Vidarbha, Maharashtra, surveyed 2016-2018 | 'a path'; 'the path for going' Reported in ten villages. The paper's introduction notes that Indian tribes generally make the Milky Way a pathway for animals or for human ancestors. | tribal |
| Berā dā Ghās | Punjabi Multan and Dera Ghazi Khan (Multani/Saraiki, western Punjab) | 'the boat's track/fodder' - glossed by the contributor as 'The Path of (Noah's) Boat' A Muslim-inflected version of the straw image: the Ark is dragged across the sky and leaves a wake. beṛā is the ordinary Punjabi word for a raft or boat; ghās, 'grass/fodder', keeps the Persian straw connection alive under a Qur'anic story. | folk |
| Aniza 'Wikhu | Rengma Naga the Rengma country, Naga Hills (now Nagaland), and the Mikir Hills | 'the spirits' morung' The spirits meet in it to talk. A morung is the bachelors' hall of a Naga village, where the men of the village gather. | tribal |
| Serizü, Papvü Ayeng | Rengma Naga the Rengma country, Naga Hills (now Nagaland), and the Mikir Hills | the Tulo river; 'Diyung image' The boastful one of the two men of old, parted from Züle for boasting over a sambhur he had killed. | tribal |
| Züle | Rengma Naga the Rengma country, Naga Hills (now Nagaland), and the Mikir Hills | the Diyung river Züle and Serizü were men of old. Serizü killed a sambhur and boasted over-much, at which Züle was angry and parted from him — which is why the Milky Way has two branches. | tribal |
| Hat dahar | Santali Santal Parganas, Jharkhand / adjoining Bengal and Odisha | the market road The Milky Way as the road people walk to the weekly hāṭ. | tribal |
| Panjar dahar | Santali Santal Parganas, Jharkhand / adjoining Bengal and Odisha | the rib road | tribal |
| Azüghongu, Aïzüghongu | Sema (Sumi) Naga the Sema country, Naga Hills (now Nagaland) | 'the Soul-River' | tribal |
| بابُ السّماء bāb al-samāʾ | Sindhi Sind; Baloch's dictionary is not dialect-marked at these entries | 'the gate of heaven' Defined as a gathering of stars that appears across the sky like a road — the path of the stars, the celestial river, the milk-stream, the kahkashān. | vernacular |
| ڪَهْڪَشانُ kahkashānu | Sindhi Sind (Bombay Presidency); Mewaram's dictionary is not dialect-marked | — | vernacular |
| کِير ڌارا khīr dhārā | Sindhi Sind; Baloch's dictionary is not dialect-marked at these entries | 'the stream of milk' One of five Sindhi names Baloch gives for it, listed across four headwords. | vernacular |
| اُمُ النّجوم umm al-nujūm | Sindhi Sind; Baloch's dictionary is not dialect-marked at these entries | 'the mother of the stars' Glossed with khīr dhārā and kahkashān. | vernacular |
| آڪاس نَديِ ākās nadī | Sindhi Sind (Bombay Presidency); Mewaram's dictionary is not dialect-marked | 'the river of the sky' | borrowed |
| අහස් ගඟ ahas gan̆ga | Sinhala Sri Lanka | 'sky-river' (අහස ahasa 'sky' + ගඟ gan̆ga 'river') Carter attaches the Kailāsa origin-myth to it; Clough glosses it only 'the celestial river' and does not connect it to the galaxy at all. | vernacular |
| மணலக்கம்பம் maṇalakkampam | Tamil Jaffna, Sri Lanka | An opaque Tamil name for the galaxy recorded only from the Yāḻppāṇa Akarāti; the Lexicon itself will not commit to an etymology. | vernacular |
| மாசு mācu | Tamil Tamil Nadu | stain, spot, blemish A TAMIL NAME WITH NO SANSKRIT MODEL: the galaxy as a smudge on the sky, not as a celestial river. Every Sanskrit name for the Milky Way is a Ganges-metaphor; this one is not. | vernacular |
| நாகவீதி nāka-vīti | Tamil Jaffna, Sri Lanka | serpent-street A SEMANTIC DIVERGENCE worth recording. The word is Sanskrit Nāgavīthī, but in Tamil lexicography it denotes the Milky Way, whereas in the Sanskrit tradition Nāgavīthī is one of the nine star-roads (vīthī) of the ecliptic belt, not the galaxy at all. | borrowed |
| பால்வீதிமண்டலம் pāl-vīti-maṇṭalam | Tamil Tamil Nadu | the milk-street region The standard Tamil astronomical term, and the word by which the Lexicon defines every other Milky Way name. The Lexicon marks it '(Astron.)' and glosses it with the Latin via lactea. | vernacular |
| பூராடமாசு pūrāṭa-mācu | Tamil Tamil Nadu | the Pūrāṭam stain — the smudge at the twentieth asterism The galaxy named for the part of the zodiac where it is brightest. Pūrāṭam is Pūrvāṣāḍhā, in Sagittarius — which is where the Milky Way's central bulge lies. The name is an accurate piece of sky-description. | vernacular |
| ஆகாசகங்கை ākāca-kaṅkai | Tamil Tamil Nadu | sky-Ganges Sanskrit Ākāśagaṅgā in Tamil phonology; the whole Ganges-in-the-sky family enters Tamil intact. | borrowed |
| నక్షత్రవీధి nakṣatra-vīdhi | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the street of the asterisms | borrowed |
| పాలపుంత pāla-punta | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the milk track Also పాలబాట pāla-bāṭa 'the milk road' and పాలవెల్లి pāla-velli. | vernacular |
| Pok Rak | Teressa Teressa island, Nicobars | 'a spring of water' | tribal |
| ನಕ್ಷತ್ರೊಳಿ ಸಾಲ್ nakṣatroḷi sāl | Tulu South Canara (Tulu Nadu) | 'row/line of stars' (ಸಾಲ್ sāl 'row, line', native Dravidian) | vernacular |
| کـﮩکشاں kahkashāṅ | Urdu Urdu, from Persian | 'the straw-drag' - kāh 'straw' + kashān 'dragging' The Persian image: the sky is streaked where someone dragged a bundle of straw across it. Fallon prints the Hindi equivalent akkās gaṅgā on the same line, which is exactly the two-layer situation this file is built to show. The image is shared with Arabic ṭarīqu't-tabn, 'the road of straw'. | vernacular |
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- Campbell, A Santali-English Dictionary (1899), s.v. Panjar dahar, p. 473 (also given s.v. Hat dahar, p. 223) link
- J.H. Hutton, The Sema Nagas (London: Macmillan, 1921), p. 251 link
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