Home › Sky objects › The Pleiades
The Pleiades
the Pleiades · M45, η Tauri (Alcyone) · Taurus
names 87languages 41 M45stars 9
In the classical tradition this is कृत्तिका Kṛttikā, attested in 10 texts.
The names
vernacular 18 · folk 15 · tribal 34 · borrowed 20
| Name | Language | Meaning | Register |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zuthekroko | Angami Naga the Angami country, Naga Hills (now Nagaland) | 'the Rat-diggers' Seven men digging out rats in the jungle who were suddenly set upon and killed by their enemies. Hutton connects this with the unluckiness of the number seven among the Angamis: parties of seven are strictly avoided by traders, and by warriors on the warpath. | tribal |
| মণ্ডল maṇḍala | Assamese Assam | 'the circle, the ring' Sense 7 of the polysemous headword মণ্ডল: 'the seven stars clustered near the sign Taurus'. Using the bare word maṇḍala, with no qualifier, for the Pleiades is an Assamese usage; Bengali and Odia both require a compound (কৃত্তিকা / କାର୍ତ୍ତିକପୁଞ୍ଜ). | vernacular |
| সপ্তর্ষি saptarṣi | Bengali Bengal (Calcutta/Serampore lexicography) | 'the seven sages' Recorded as a divergence, not as a name to be used. Ram Comul Sen renders the English headword Pleiades by সপ্তর্ষি, which in every other source in this file — Bengali, Assamese and Odia alike — is Ursa Major. | borrowed |
| Guvavya / Govaadi / Dhorkya porya | Bhili Bhil villages 2 and 4, and Pawra villages 5 and 6, north-western Maharashtra | 'cattle herders' The herders are hiding behind Taurus, a shrub, to catch the hulgi birds. | tribal |
| hulgi | Bhili Varpada and Pachmauli, Bhil villages, north-western Maharashtra | the eggs of a pigeon-like bird A trap had been set by cattle herders to get the eggs — the herders being the Hyades and the shrub they hide behind Taurus. | tribal |
| Toyan | Central Nicobarese (Camorta) Camorta, Nancowry group, Central Nicobars | The paper's prose adds that its appearance in the eastern sky just after sunset marks a season, and gives the form Tayan, with seven stars counted. | tribal |
| Kavio / Koini / Tajainy | Chaura (Chowra) Chowra (Chaura) island, Nicobars | kavio 'king'; tajainy 'an old person' Used as a clock. | tribal |
| ކެތި kethi | Divehi (Mahl) the Maldives, and Minicoy (Maliku) in Lakshadweep, which speaks the same language and keeps the same calendar | The third nakaiy of the south-west monsoon. | borrowed |
| Do·sadil | Garo the Garo Hills, Assam (now Meghalaya) | The cock sacrificed at the cremation to lead the spirit of the dead to the better land. | tribal |
| Kayshar / Kaysar; Bahari / Bahri | Gondi Nagpur region: Chandrapur, Yavatmal, Gondia (Maharashtra), Adilabad (Telangana), Balaghat, Seoni, Mandla (Madhya Pradesh) | the broom Given as the Pleiades at Kesalapur, Kaweli and Lodha (pp. 35, 37, 38). | tribal |
| Kutpari, Mogari, Mongari, Thengari, Mundari | Gondi Nagpur region: Chandrapur, Yavatmal, Gondia (Maharashtra), Adilabad (Telangana), Balaghat, Seoni, Mandla (Madhya Pradesh) | a bat — the wooden bat used to beat grain out of the husk | tribal |
| (the seven sisters - no name recorded) | Hindi Oudh (Awadh), eastern United Provinces | An aetiological tale rather than a name: the seventh sister is left out of the sharing of a sesame seed and so sits a little apart in the sky. Recorded from Sitapur. It explains a naked-eye fact - the cluster's outlier - and shows that the 'seven sisters' reading of the Pleiades is independently present in Awadhi village lore alongside the Sanskrit six Kṛttikās. | folk |
| बहुला / بہلا bahulā | Hindi Hindustani generally | 'the abundant/dense ones' Platts classes it H (Hindi), from Sanskrit bahulāḥ, an old alternative name for the Kṛttikās; his adjectival entry bahul (p. 190) even preserves the sense 'born under the Pleiades'. | borrowed |
| baććē-wālī murġī | Hindi Hindustani generally | 'the hen with chickens' The commonest folk image for the cluster across Eurasia; here attached to the ordinary Hindi word for a young of any creature. Platts prints the compound in roman only, under the Devanagari/Urdu headword बच्चा / بچا. | folk |
| गिचपिचिया / گچپچيا gić-pićiyā | Hindi Hindustani generally | 'crowded/squeezed together' (variant of kac-pac) A phonetic doublet of kaćpaćiyā with initial g-; the two forms sit on different pages of Platts and evidently belong to different speech areas, though he marks neither. | folk |
| guććhā tārā | Hindi Hindustani generally | 'the cluster star' guććhā is the ordinary word for a bunch of flowers or fruit, a tassel, a skein; the Pleiades are simply 'the bunch'. Fallon gives the Arabic ʻaqd-i-suraiyā ('the necklace of the Thurayyā') as its equivalent, showing the two layers translating each other. | folk |
| कचबचिया / کچ بچيا kachbach'iyā | Hindi Hindustani generally (Fallon's dictionary is explicitly one of spoken idiom) | 'the jumbled ones' (kac-bac, variant of kac-pac) Fallon's spelling with -b- suggests contamination from bacca 'child/young one', which is also the base of the competing 'hen and chickens' name for the same cluster. | folk |
| कचपचिया / کچپچيا kaćpaćiyā | Hindi Hindustani generally; recorded without regional restriction by Platts, Fallon and Shakespear | 'crowded together' Built on the Hindi echo-compound kac-pac 'jumbled, crowded together' with the agent suffix -iyā; it is a descriptive nickname for the huddled cluster, not a reflex of Kṛttikā. Still current: McGregor, Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary (1993), p. 155, has कचपचिया नक्षत्र and Braj/Awadhi कचपची. | folk |
| ಅಗ್ನಿದೇವೆ agnidēve | Kannada Karnataka (Mysore, Canara, Deccan) | she whose deity is Agni | borrowed |
| ಬಹುಲೆಗಳ್ bahulegaḷ | Kannada Karnataka (Mysore, Canara, Deccan) | the many ones | borrowed |
| ಕೃತ್ತಿಕೆ kṛttike | Kannada Karnataka (Mysore, Canara, Deccan) | — | borrowed |
| क्रछ़् kraʦh | Kashmiri Kashmir valley | — | borrowed |
| क्रच़ि-कूरू॒ kraʦi-kūrü | Kashmiri Kashmir valley | 'a daughter of Kṛttikā' The plural kraʦi-kōrĕ is how the cluster as a whole is named. | vernacular |
| ثریا suraiya | Kashmiri Kashmir valley | — | vernacular |
| Kovela Komdi | Kolami Kolam villages of Yavatmal and Chandrapur districts, Vidarbha, Maharashtra, and adjoining Adilabad, Telangana | 'the hen of the flock' — the little bright star at the foot of the cluster At Kakban, where the cluster itself is Kovela Kor, the flock of birds, and one bright star at its base is named separately. | tribal |
| Kovela Kor | Kolami Kolam villages of Yavatmal and Chandrapur districts, Vidarbha, Maharashtra, and adjoining Adilabad, Telangana | 'one large bird and several small ones' All ten villages — the most universal Kolam sky-figure. | tribal |
| Sappa | Kolami Kolam villages of Yavatmal and Chandrapur districts, Vidarbha, Maharashtra, and adjoining Adilabad, Telangana | an instrument used in processing the harvest One of ten villages. | tribal |
| Bhotmongari | Korku Melghat, Amravati district, Maharashtra, and adjoining Betul and Khandwa districts, Madhya Pradesh | the tool used to beat grain to loosen the husk Four of twelve villages. | tribal |
| Gai Jijulu / Kuthali Ku / Gaikasai | Korku Melghat, Amravati district, Maharashtra, and adjoining Betul and Khandwa districts, Madhya Pradesh | all three glossed as minced meat of the cow Seven of twelve villages. | tribal |
| Gugul gothu | Korku Melghat, Amravati district, Maharashtra, and adjoining Betul and Khandwa districts, Madhya Pradesh | A third Korku name for the cluster, for which the paper gives no gloss. | tribal |
| Chirkhandaa | Kukna (Kokna) Pachmauli and Dhudhale Shivar, Kokna villages, north-western Maharashtra | At Pachmauli the cluster is 'a long tailed bird', at Dhudhale Shivar the splash made when a stone is thrown into mud; both villages use this one word for it. | tribal |
| Kodana Kutara | Kukna (Kokna) Khandbara, Kokna village, north-western Maharashtra | 'a heap of hay' | tribal |
| lohrā-capuā bīnkō; capuā bīnkō; pārkī bīnkō | Kurukh Chota Nagpur plateau (Oraon country), Jharkhand | the blacksmith's-bellows constellation | tribal |
| Shirser Jhumko / Jhumko tara | Lambadi (Banjara) Banjara tandas of Vidarbha, Maharashtra (villages in the Nagpur–Amravati–Yavatmal region) | 'the jewel worn on the forehead' — a jhumkā is a hanging ear- or head-ornament Reported in four of six villages. | tribal |
| കാര്ത്തിക kārttika | Malayalam Kerala (Malabar, Cochin, Travancore) | Weather proverb: കാര്ത്തിക കഴിഞ്ഞാല് മഴയില്ല, 'once Kārttika is past there is no more rain' — the Pleiades period marking the end of the north-east monsoon. | borrowed |
| Awsicharu | Mara (Lakher) the Lakher country, southern Lushai Hills (now southern Mizoram) and the Chin Hills | Six men sitting gossiping when the great darkness started. The Lakhers recognise only six. | tribal |
| Gadli | Marathi Bombay Presidency (Deccan and Konkan) | used to predict the rise and fall of the cotton market | folk |
| काथ्या kāthyā | Marathi Maharashtra | — | borrowed |
| कात्या kātyā | Marathi Maharashtra | — | borrowed |
| कात्या kātyā | Marathi Rajapur / southern Konkan | कात्याचा पाऊस — the rain that falls under the Kṛttikā nakṣatra | borrowed |
| कृत्तिका kṛttikā | Marathi Maharashtra | — | borrowed |
| विंचू viñcū | Marathi Maharashtra | scorpion | folk |
| विंचू viñcū | Marathi Maharashtra | scorpion | folk |
| [young girls crushing grain; no form printed] | Mavchi Visarwadi, Mavchi Bhil village, north-western Maharashtra | Used as a time indicator; the Mavchi Bhils said that when it was not in the sky that stretch of time had no name. | tribal |
| ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯣꯝꯅꯨꯕꯤ khongjomnubi | Meitei (Manipuri) Manipur | — | tribal |
| Si-ruk | Mizo (Lushai) the Lushai Hills, Assam (now Mizoram) | — | tribal |
| Siruk la | Mizo (Lushai) the Lushai Hills, Assam (now Mizoram) | The rule is agricultural: sow the rice before the Siruk la. | tribal |
| cuṭu rapa ipilko | Mundari Chota Nagpur plateau, Ranchi district, Jharkhand | the mouse-roasting stars | tribal |
| muṅgaru ipilko (moṅgaru ipilko) | Mundari Chota Nagpur plateau, Ranchi district, Jharkhand | the wooden-mallet stars The mallet the ploughman flung at a dove on her nest, aimed too high; it fell where the Pleiades are. In a second version heard south of Ranchi it is Siṅgboṅga who was chiselling a yoke and a plough to teach men to plough, and who threw the mallet at the dove. | tribal |
| गुज्मुजि तारा gujmuji tārā | Nepali Nepal, and the Nepali-speaking Darjeeling and Sikkim hills | 'the bunched, clustered stars' At the adjective gujmuji 'bunched, clustered', which also gives the verbs gujmujinu 'to be bunched up' and gujmujyāunu 'to crush together'. | vernacular |
| कच्पचिया kacpaciyā | Nepali Nepal, and the Nepali-speaking Darjeeling and Sikkim hills | — | folk |
| किर्किटि kirkiṭi | Nepali Nepal, and the Nepali-speaking Darjeeling and Sikkim hills | Turner marks the word 'pop.' — popular, as against learned. | folk |
| tā-yan | Nicobarese Central Nicobars (Nancowry group) | — | tribal |
| କଠଲା ତାରା Kaṭhalā tārā | Odia Sambalpur (western Odisha) | 'the mallet star' — Praharaj glosses kaṭhalā in this phrase as ବଢ଼େଇର ମୁଗୁର, the carpenter's mallet Given as the Sambalpuri name in Praharaj's systematic note on Kṛttikā, immediately after the general Odia name. The shape is argued for in the same entry: joining the six stars gives 'the shape of a dagger, or of a carpenter's wooden mallet'. | folk |
| କାର୍ତ୍ତିକପୁଞ୍ଜ (କାର୍ତ୍ତିକପୁଞ୍ଜା) Kārttikapun̄ja | Odia Odisha | 'the Kārttika cluster' Marked ଦେ. (deśī), i.e. a native formation, not a tatsama: Odia has built its own compound on Kṛttikā rather than borrowing the Sanskrit name outright. Praharaj illustrates it with a ḍhaga (proverb): 'you pointed out the Kārttika cluster and I pointed out a gourd; whatever thief has got into my house, let him go out in front of me.' | vernacular |
| Ba inda | Pardhi fourteen Pardhi villages of the Amravati and Yeotmal districts, Vidarbha, Maharashtra, surveyed 2016-2018 | 'two eggs' (ba, two; inda, eggs) Reported in six villages. | tribal |
| Lawadanu khalu, Lawadani khadu, Lawadanu khadu, Lawadani zund | Pardhi fourteen Pardhi villages of the Amravati and Yeotmal districts, Vidarbha, Maharashtra, surveyed 2016-2018 | 'a flock of Jungle Babbler birds' (Argya striata) Reported in thirteen villages, as widely as the cot. The authors ask why the Jungle Babbler and not a meatier bird, and answer from its behaviour rather than its value: it is gregarious, noisy and conspicuous, and goes about in flocks of seven to ten — which is why in Indian English it is the 'seven sisters' and in Hindustani sāt-bhāī, the seven brothers. | tribal |
| ਕਿਰ੍ਹਕਟੀ kirhkaṭí | Punjabi Punjab | A strongly Punjabised reflex of Kṛttikā. The dictionary's second sense - a jewel in a nose-ring - repeats exactly the double life of Hindi jhumkā (ear-drop / star-cluster) and of bhalkā (morning star / gold star on a nose-ring): the same ornament vocabulary is used for both the sky and the face. | borrowed |
| किरति / किरतियाँ / किरती / किरतीयु kirati / kiratiyāṃ / kiratī / kiratīyu | Rajasthani Rajasthan generally (Lalas does not dialect-mark this headword) | Lalas gives the four forms at one headword, glosses it as the third of the twenty-seven nakshatras, and adds that this asterism contains six stars. He attaches a line of the poet Revatdān in which the Kṛttikās laugh above the sky, and a Rajasthani weather-saying to the effect that a single flash of lightning in Kṛttikā means the year will not be a famine year. A further form किरत्यां kiratyāṃ on the same page cross-refers here and carries a folk-song line in which the sun sets in Kṛttikā; कीरतका kīratakā (p. 504) likewise cross-refers, dated by its verse to Phālguna of Saṃvat 1768. | borrowed |
| सातरसा sātarasā | Rajasthani Jaipur State, eastern Rajasthan (Macalister records the dialects of the Jeypore state; he tags Shekhawati, Khairar, Kathera and Dangi forms as such, and this headword carries no tag) | — | vernacular |
| Shenyü pembi kepenyu (A); Amui asăm kepuwa (B); Horechu (C) | Rengma Naga the Rengma country, Naga Hills (now Nagaland), and the Mikir Hills | 'star pounding-table carriers' (A); '"in-law" pounding-table carriers' (B) Souls carrying a large pounding-table. There are believed to be seven, but the ordinary man can see only six; anyone who can see seven will live very happily with his wife. | tribal |
| Sorenko | Santali Santal Parganas, Jharkhand / adjoining Bengal and Odisha | the Soren people (a Santal sept name in the animate plural) The totem of the Soren sept; the position of the cluster before dawn is used to tell the time of night. Campbell's illustrative sentence asks in which quarter of the sky the Pleiades stand at dawn. | tribal |
| sɘren (ipil), sɘrenko | Santali Santal Parganas, Jharkhand / adjoining Bengal and Odisha | the Soren stars Used to tell the hour of the night: 'the Pleiades have reached half down the western sky' marks roughly the position the sun holds at 3 p.m. Bodding also records the figure that joins the Pleiades to Orion: the cluster is the mallet belonging to the arar lalak. | tribal |
| Ayenikilimi | Sema (Sumi) Naga the Sema country, Naga Hills (now Nagaland) | 'the Star Princesses' (aye 'star' + kinilimi, 'rich girls') A company of pretty girls spinning and making liquor in a rich man's house, killed in a sudden raid on the village. They still dance in the heavens as they did on the earth. | tribal |
| ڪَتِيۇن katiyūn | Sindhi Sind (Bombay Presidency); Mewaram's dictionary is not dialect-marked | — | borrowed |
| ڪَتِي katī | Sindhi Sind; Baloch's dictionary is not dialect-marked at these entries | from Sanskrit Kārttika Baloch gives it four ways over: the eighth month of the Sindhi year, the autumn harvest, the kharif crop, and the nakshatra of a cluster of seven small stars — and then a proverb, that Katī is the Scorpion's betrothed, and that this is why the two are never in the sky together: when Katī sets Scorpio rises, and when Scorpio sets Katī rises. | borrowed |
| پَروِينِ parvīn | Sindhi Sind; Baloch's dictionary is not dialect-marked at these entries | Defined as the gathering of seven stars — Katī, Thurayā, and the Hindi jhumrko — and as the third mansion of the moon. | vernacular |
| බහුලාව bahulāva | Sinhala Sri Lanka | — | borrowed |
| හත්·දින්න hat·dinna | Sinhala Sri Lanka | 'seven-produced' — හත් hat 'seven' (the inherited numeral, beside Sanskritic සත්) + දින්න, which Carter derives from දිනි 'produced' | vernacular |
| කැති නැකත kæti nækata | Sinhala Sri Lanka | The ordinary name of the third asterism, and the one that fixes the month Il: Jayatilaka quotes 'käti-nakat lada hil-masa', 'in the month of il when the constellation Pleiades has dawned'. | borrowed |
| නැකැත්·කෙළිය nækæt·keḷiya | Sinhala Sri Lanka | 'star-play' (Carter's own gloss) A festival at the full moon of Il (October–November) — the month in which the full moon stands near the Pleiades. Clough spells out the astronomy: 'when the moon is full near the Pleiades in the month ඉල් මස il-masa, (October-November)'. | folk |
| kukkur-tuj-ən, rukku-tuj-ən, ruŋkutam-tuj-ən, rukkui-tuj-ən | Sora the Sora country of the Ganjam and Koraput hills, Odisha and northern Andhra | 'the cluster stars' — rukku is a crowd, an assembly, a flock Ramamurti calls it 'the third constellation' at one of its two headwords. | tribal |
| அறுமீன் aṟu-mīṉ | Tamil Tamil Nadu | six-star, the six stars The indigenous Tamil name of the Pleiades, formed from ஆறு āṟu 'six' + mīṉ 'star', and attested in the Caṅkam corpus. It is the Tamil counting-name, independent of the Sanskrit Kṛttikā, though the Lexicon glosses it with கார்த்திகை. | vernacular |
| அறுவாய் aṟu-vāy | Tamil Tamil Nadu | six-part, six-mouthed A third Tamil counting-name for the Pleiades, from the same numeral ஆறு. | vernacular |
| எரிநாள் eri-nāḷ | Tamil Tamil Nadu | fire-star, the star of fire A Tamil translation, not a borrowing: the Sanskrit Āgneya 'belonging to Agni' rendered with the native Tamil words எரி 'fire' and நாள் 'asterism'. | vernacular |
| இறால் iṟāl | Tamil Tamil Nadu | A Tamil name of the Pleiades recorded by the Tivākaram, of obscure motivation. | vernacular |
| கார்த்திகை kārttikai | Tamil Tamil Nadu | Sanskrit Kṛttikā in Tamil phonology — asterism, month, and the lamp-festival of the Kārttikai full moon in one word, and by far the most alive of the Sanskritic star-names in Tamil. | borrowed |
| வாகுலை vākulai | Tamil Jaffna, Sri Lanka | Sanskrit Vahulā (cf. Bahulā, a Sanskrit name of the Pleiades) in Tamil form, recorded from the Yāḻppāṇa Akarāti, the Jaffna Tamil dictionary. | borrowed |
| ஆறாமீன் āṟā-mīṉ | Tamil Tamil Nadu | six-star (variant of aṟu-mīṉ) A second form of the counting-name, and the one that carries the seamen's compound below. | vernacular |
| ஆறாமீனறவோட்டு āṟā-mīṉ-aṟa-v-ōṭṭu | Tamil Tamil Nadu (coast) | the running-through of the six stars A SEAMEN'S TERM — the clearest surviving trace in the lexica of Tamil coastal star-reckoning. The Pleiades segment of the zodiac marks the season of dangerous weather for boats. | folk |
| కత్తెర kattera | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | scissors The Pleiades period as the farmer and almanac-user knows it; Brown attaches the solar season directly to the word. | vernacular |
| మంగలకత్తిరూపు mangala-katti-rūpu | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | shaped like a barber's razor A second, purely descriptive Telugu name for the Pleiades, from the shape of the cluster. | vernacular |
| smin-drug, skar-ma smin-drug | Tibetan Written Tibetan; Jäschke's dialects are those of Lahaul, Spiti and Ladakh, where he worked from Kyelang, and Das's are Central Tibetan as read in Darjeeling | Jäschke gives smin-drug-zla-ba for the month in which the moon stands full near the Pleiades — October or November — which is Kārttika under another name. Das adds that it is the third lunar mansion, that its regent is fire, that it contains six stars, and that it is figured as a flame or else as a razor or knife. | vernacular |
| Kadsht | Toda Nilgiri hills, Tamil Nadu | Held to be six stars, not seven: Kadsht had six men and Keirt only one, and Keirt broke the leg of one of the six, so that five now stand close together and one lags behind. Because of that quarrel the god ruled that Kadsht and Keirt must never be in the sky together. At one funeral the setting of Kadsht and the appearance of Keirt was the sign that the azaramkedr might begin. | tribal |
| گگن کي بچي والي مرغي gagaṇ ke bachche wālī murġhī | Urdu marked dakh. (Deccani) by Shakespear; unmarked in Platts and Fallon, so also northern | 'the hen and chickens of the sky' The fuller form of the preceding, with gagan 'sky' prefixed. Shakespear's dakh. tag is a genuine regional flag: several of these furniture-and-farmyard sky names reach him through Deccani Urdu. | folk |
| پروين parvīn | Urdu Urdu, from Persian | Persian name of the Pleiades The Persian counterpart of s̤uraiyā, equally at home in Urdu and equally common as a woman's name. | vernacular |
| ثريا s̤uraiyā | Urdu Urdu, from Arabic | diminutive of Arabic tharwā 'abundance' The central Arabic star name naturalised in Urdu, also as a woman's given name. The extended form ʻaqd-i-s̤uraiyā, 'the necklace of the Thurayyā', is what Fallon offers as the Arabic equivalent of Hindi guchchā tārā. | vernacular |
Sources
- J.H. Hutton, The Angami Nagas (London: Macmillan, 1921), Appendix VIII, p. 413 link
- Candrakanta Abhidhana (Assamese-Assamese-English), 2nd ed., Guwahati: Guwahati Bisbabidyalaya for the Assam Sahitya Sabha, 1962 (DSAL digital ed.), s.v. মণ্ডল maṇḍala, sense 7, p. 735 link
- Ram Comul Sen, A Dictionary in English and Bengalee, vol. 2, Serampore, 1834, s.v. Pleiades, p. 168 link
- Shreya Shetye, Ganesh Halkare and Aniket Sule, 'Bhil, Pawra and Kokna astronomy', Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 26(2), 441-468 (2023), p. 463 link
- M.N. Vahia, Ganesh Halkare, S.A. Awaradi and Kishore Menon, 'In situ studies of astronomy of the Nicobarese tribe of Nicobar Islands', Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology, 6, 1014-1039 (2018), Table 3, pp. 1026-1027 link
- Hassan Ahmed Maniku, A Concise Etymological Vocabulary of Dhivehi Language, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka, Special Volume XLIV (Colombo, 2000), s.v. kethi, p. 143 link
- Major A. Playfair, The Garos (London: David Nutt, 1909), p. 86 link
- Vahia & Halkare, 'Aspects of Gond Astronomy', Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 16(1), 29-44 (2013); preprint arXiv:1306.2416, village accounts, pp. 35, 37 and 38 link
- Vahia & Halkare, 'Aspects of Gond Astronomy', Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 16(1), 29-44 (2013); preprint arXiv:1306.2416 link
- G. H. Roberts, 'Oudh - The Pleiades - Popular astronomy', Indian Notes and Queries [late Panjab Notes and Queries], vol. IV (1886-87), note 566 link
- John T. Platts, A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English (London, 1884), s.v. bahulā, p. 190 link
- John T. Platts, A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English (London, 1884), s.v. baććā, p. 135 link
- John T. Platts, A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English (London, 1884), s.v. gić-pićiyā, p. 898 link
- John T. Platts, A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English (London, 1884), s.v. guććhā, p. 898 link
- S. W. Fallon, A New Hindustani-English Dictionary (Banaras/London, 1879), s.v. kachbach'iyā, p. 917 link
- John T. Platts, A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English (London, 1884), s.v. kaćpaćiyā, p. 818 link
- Kittel, F., A Kannaḍa-English Dictionary (orig. Mangalore: Basel Mission, 1894); cited from the revised and enlarged edition, [Madras] University of Madras, 1968-71, as keyed for DSAL, s.v. ಅಗ್ನಿದೇವೆ agnidēve, p. 16 link
- Kittel, F., A Kannaḍa-English Dictionary (orig. Mangalore: Basel Mission, 1894); cited from the revised and enlarged edition, [Madras] University of Madras, 1968-71, as keyed for DSAL, s.v. ಬಹುಲೆ bahule, p. 1159 link
- Kittel, F., A Kannaḍa-English Dictionary (orig. Mangalore: Basel Mission, 1894); cited from the revised and enlarged edition, [Madras] University of Madras, 1968-71, as keyed for DSAL, s.v. ಕೃತ್ತಿಕೆ kṛttike, p. 491 link
- Sir George Abraham Grierson, A Dictionary of the Kashmiri Language, compiled partly from materials left by the late Pandit Isvara Kaula (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1916-1932), s.v. kraʦh, p. 477 link
- Sir George Abraham Grierson, A Dictionary of the Kashmiri Language, compiled partly from materials left by the late Pandit Isvara Kaula (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1916-1932), s.v. kraʦi-kūrü, p. 477 link
- Sir George Abraham Grierson, A Dictionary of the Kashmiri Language, compiled partly from materials left by the late Pandit Isvara Kaula (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1916-1932), s.v. suraiya, p. 940 link
- M.N. Vahia, Ganesh Halkare, Kishore Menon and Harini Calamur, 'The astronomy of two Indian tribes: the Banjaras and the Kolams', Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 17(1), 65-84 (2014), Appendix 1.2.10 (Kakban), p. 84 link
- M.N. Vahia, Ganesh Halkare, Kishore Menon and Harini Calamur, 'The astronomy of two Indian tribes: the Banjaras and the Kolams', Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 17(1), 65-84 (2014), Table 2, p. 71 link
- M.N. Vahia, Ganesh Halkare and Purushottam Dahedar, 'Astronomy of the Korku tribe of India', Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 19(2), 216-232 (2016), Table 2, p. 221 link
- Grignard, An Oraon-English Dictionary (1924), s.v. bīnkō, p. 85; s.v. capuā, p. 128; s.v. lohrā, p. 465 link
- M.N. Vahia, Ganesh Halkare, Kishore Menon and Harini Calamur, 'The astronomy of two Indian tribes: the Banjaras and the Kolams', Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 17(1), 65-84 (2014), Table 1, p. 69 link
- Gundert, A Malayalam and English Dictionary (1872), s.v. കാര്ത്തിക kārttika, p. 240 link
- N.E. Parry, The Lakhers (London: Macmillan, 1932), p. 495 link
- R. E. Enthoven, The Folklore of Bombay (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924), p. 68 link
- J. T. Molesworth, A Dictionary, Marathi and English, 2nd ed. rev. and enl. (Bombay: Bombay Education Society's Press, 1857), s.v. काथ्या, p. 154 link
- J. T. Molesworth, A Dictionary, Marathi and English, 2nd ed. rev. and enl. (Bombay: Bombay Education Society's Press, 1857), s.v. कात्या, p. 154 link
- Y. R. Date et al., Maharashtra Sabdakosa (Poona, 1932-38), s.v. कात्या, p. 677 link
- J. T. Molesworth, A Dictionary, Marathi and English, 2nd ed. rev. and enl. (Bombay: Bombay Education Society's Press, 1857), s.v. कृत्तिका, p. 179 link
- J. T. Molesworth, A Dictionary, Marathi and English, 2nd ed. rev. and enl. (Bombay: Bombay Education Society's Press, 1857), s.v. विंचू, p. 756 link
- Y. R. Date et al., Maharashtra Sabdakosa (Poona, 1932-38), s.v. विंचू, p. 2824 link
- H. Surmangol Sharma, Learners' Manipuri-English Dictionary (Imphal, 2006), s.v. khongjomnubi, p. 54 link
- J. Herbert Lorrain, Dictionary of the Lushai Language, Bibliotheca Indica Work No. 261 (Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, 1940), s.v. Si-ruk, p. 419 link
- J. Herbert Lorrain, Dictionary of the Lushai Language, Bibliotheca Indica Work No. 261 (Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, 1940), s.v. Siruk la, p. 419 link
- Hoffmann, Encyclopaedia Mundarica, vol. III, s.v. cuṭu rapa ipilko, col. 937 link
- Hoffmann, Encyclopaedia Mundarica, vol. VII, s.v. ipil, cols. 1919-1925 link
- R. L. Turner, A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1931), s.v. गुज्मुजि तारा, p. 143 link
- R. L. Turner, A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1931), s.v. कच्पचिया, p. 67 link
- R. L. Turner, A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1931), s.v. किर्किटि, p. 93 link
- Man, A Dictionary of the Central Nicobarese Language (1889), Nicobarese-English p. 207 s.v. tā-yan; English-Nicobarese p. 71 s.v. Pleiades link
- G. C. Praharaj, Purnnachandra Ordia Bhashakosha: a lexicon of the Oriya language, Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931-1940 (DSAL digital ed.), s.v. ନକ୍ଷତ୍ର Nakshatra, note on the 3rd asterism କୃତ୍ତିକା, p. 4095 link
- G. C. Praharaj, Purnnachandra Ordia Bhashakosha: a lexicon of the Oriya language, Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931-1940 (DSAL digital ed.), s.v. କାର୍ତ୍ତିକପୁଞ୍ଜ Kārttikapun̄ja, p. 1538 link
- Ganesh Halkare, Purushottam Dahedar, Wayne Orchiston and M.N. Vahia, 'Astronomy of the Pardhi tribe of central India', Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 22(1), 179-194 (2019), Table 5, pp. 184-185 link
- Bhai Maya Singh, The Panjabi Dictionary (Lahore, 1895), s.v. kirhkaṭí, p. 617 link
- Sītārāṃma Lāḷasa, Rājasthānī Sabada Kośa, 2nd ed. (Jodhpur: Rājasthānī Śodha Saṃsthāna, Caupāsanī, 2013), s.v. किरति, किरतियाँ, किरती, किरतीयु, p. 495 link
- George Macalister, A Dictionary of the Dialects Spoken in the State of Jeypore, 1st ed. (Allahabad: Allahabad Mission Press, 1898), s.v. सातरसा, p. 30 link
- J.P. Mills, The Rengma Nagas (London: Macmillan, 1937), p. 244 link
- Campbell, A Santali-English Dictionary (1899), s.v. Sorenko, p. 594 link
- Bodding, A Santal Dictionary, vol. V (1936), s.v. sɘren (ipil), p. 352 link
- J.H. Hutton, The Sema Nagas (London: Macmillan, 1921), p. 251 link
- Parmanand Mewaram, A Sindhi-English Dictionary (Hyderabad, Sind: The Sind Juvenile Co-operative Society, 1910), s.v. ڪَتِيۇن, p. 400 link
- Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch, Jāmiʻ Sindhī lughāt (Hyderabad: Sindhi Adabi Board), s.v. ڪَتِي, p. 1398 link
- Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch, Jāmiʻ Sindhī lughāt (Hyderabad: Sindhi Adabi Board), s.v. پَروِينِ, p. 589 link
- Carter, A Sinhalese-English Dictionary (Colombo, 1924), s.v. බහුලාව bahulāva, p. 444 link
- Carter, A Sinhalese-English Dictionary (Colombo, 1924), s.v. හත්·දින්න hat·dinna, p. 713 link
- Carter, A Sinhalese-English Dictionary (Colombo, 1924), s.v. කැති නැකත kæti nækata, p. 169; and Jayatilaka (ed.), A Dictionary of the Sinhalese Language (Royal Asiatic Society, Ceylon Branch, 1935– ), s.v. කැතිනකත käti-nakata, p. 2994 link
- Carter, A Sinhalese-English Dictionary (Colombo, 1924), s.v. නැකැත්·කෙළිය nækæt·keḷiya, p. 322; Clough, A Sinhalese-English Dictionary (1892), s.v. Nakat-keliya, p. 273 link
- G.V. Ramamurti, Sora-English Dictionary (Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1938), s.v. kukkur-'tuj-ən; rukkui-'tuj-ən, p. 146, 235 link
- Naṟṟiṇai 202, ll. 8-9 (Pālai, by Pālai Pāṭiya Peruṅkaṭuṅkō); Project Madurai e-text PM 0296 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. அறுவாய்², vol. I p. 182; quoting Kallāṭam 90, 9 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. எரிநாள், vol. I p. 531, citing the Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. இறால் sense 3, vol. I p. 363, citing the Tivākaram link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. கார்த்திகை, vol. II p. 880 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. வாகுலை, vol. VI p. 3574, citing the Yāḻppāṇa Akarāti link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. ஆறாமீன், vol. I p. 259 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. ஆறாமீனறவோட்டு, vol. I p. 259, marked (W.) after Winslow link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. కత్తెర kattera, p. 238 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. మంగల mangala, p. 937 link
- H.A. Jäschke, A Tibetan-English Dictionary, with special reference to the prevailing dialects (London: Secretary of State for India, 1881), s.v. smin-drug; and Das, s.v. smin-drug link
- Rivers, The Todas (1906), ch. XXIV 'Constellations and Stars', pp. 593-594 link
- John Shakespear, A Dictionary, Hindustani and English, 3rd ed. (London, 1834), s.v. gagaṇ, p. 1451 link
- John T. Platts, A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English (London, 1884), s.v. parvīn, p. 258 link
- John T. Platts, A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English (London, 1884), s.v. s̤uraiyā, p. 368 link
