Home › Sky objects › Orion
Orion
Orion · Orion
names 61languages 27stars 23
In the classical tradition this is मृगः (प्रजापतिः) Mṛga (Prajāpati), attested in 1 texts.
The names
vernacular 10 · folk 6 · tribal 26 · borrowed 19
| Name | Language | Meaning | Register |
|---|---|---|---|
| কালপুৰুষ kālapuruṣa | Assamese Assam | 'the man of Kāla / of Death' Assamese has the same Orion-figure as Bengali and Odia. What is distinctively Assamese is the reckoning: the dictionary defines the figure as 'the group containing seven very bright stars' (সাতোটা অতি উজ্জ্বল নক্ষত্ৰ থকা ৰাশি), i.e. Orion counted as seven bright stars rather than by its parts. | vernacular |
| ইলবলা (also ইলবকা) ilabalā (ilabakā) | Bengali Bengal | Ilvala, the asura brother of Vātāpi Haughton marks both as feminine and 'used in the plural only' — the Vedic plural Ilvalāḥ preserved intact in a Bengali dictionary of 1833. | borrowed |
| কালপুরুষ kālapuruṣa | Bengali Bengal | Dāsa parses it 'Kāla (= Yama), his puruṣa (= assistant)', a genitive tatpuruṣa; but his second sense reads Kāla as TIME — 'the star-cluster that measures kāla, i.e. the rains and the other seasons' The second and better Bengali source for the prize word. Dāsa gives the alternative name অগ্রহায়ণী Agrahāyaṇī, and appends an English note describing the belt: 'one of the constellations containing seven very bright stars, three of which in a straight line, form Orion's belt'. | vernacular |
| কালপুরুষ kālapuruṣa (Kālpuruṣ) | Bengali Bengal (standard literary Bengali) | 'the man of Kāla' — Kāla being both Time and Death (Yama); hence 'the Time-man / the black man', Yama's envoy The ordinary modern Bengali word for Orion; it is the name under which the figure is taught in Bengali schoolbooks and popular astronomy, and it has no counterpart in the Sanskrit star-lists, where Orion is Mṛga/Prajāpati and only its parts (Mṛgaśiras, Ārdrā, Iṣus trikāṇḍā) are named. | vernacular |
| पांबर Pambar | Bhili Bhil villages of Nandurbar and Dhule districts, north-western Maharashtra | an agricultural implement used to sow seed The Bhils explain the ragged shape of the figure by saying the implement was made by an incompetent workman who could not assemble it properly, the four bright corners (Betelgeuse, Bellatrix, Rigel, Saiph) being its spare parts. Two villages used the constellation as a clock during the night. | tribal |
| Kutela | Chhattisgarhi the Baiga chak and the surrounding country — Mandla, Baihar, Kawardha, Dindori and Rewa, in what was then the Central Provinces | 'the wooden rod used for levelling earth, cleaning hemp, or washing clothes' The stick Mahadeo threw at the phadki when she laughed at his ploughing. | tribal |
| [no vernacular form printed] 'the plough left by one of the Pandava brothers' | Chhattisgarhi Chhattisgarh (Dhuri caste, rice-parchers) | — | folk |
| މިއަހެލިއަ miahelia | Divehi (Mahl) the Maldives, and Minicoy (Maliku) in Lakshadweep, which speaks the same language and keeps the same calendar | The fifth nakaiy of the south-west monsoon. Maniku's star list is λ, φ¹, Aldebaran and φ² in Orion, and he notes the form is sometimes written miaheli. | borrowed |
| Topli, Topali | Gondi Nagpur region: Chandrapur, Yavatmal, Gondia (Maharashtra), Adilabad (Telangana), Balaghat, Seoni, Mandla (Madhya Pradesh) | a basket The basket of seed used for sowing the fields that Tipan has ploughed. | tribal |
| harinā-harin | Hindi North-Western Provinces (Mirzapur/Saharanpur region; recorded by Pandit Ram Gharib Chaube for Crooke's journal) | 'the stag and the hind' A children's sky-name taught by mothers, with a Brahmā-and-Purvacitti pursuit myth attached in which Śiva takes the form of the Ārdrā asterism to help the hind. The living folk survival of the Vedic Mṛga/Prajāpati story, still located in Orion. | folk |
| ಇಲ್ವಲೆಗಳ್ ilvalegaḷ | Kannada Karnataka (Mysore, Canara, Deccan) | — | borrowed |
| ಆಗ್ರಹಾಯಣಿ āgrahāyaṇi | Kannada Karnataka (Mysore, Canara, Deccan) | she who begins the year | borrowed |
| ಆರಿದ್ರ āridra | Kannada Karnataka (Mysore, Canara, Deccan) | SEASONAL. The Ārdrā period is July-August in Kittel's reckoning, and an insect is named from it. | folk |
| Medi; Tandel / Aidal | Kolami Kolam villages of Yavatmal and Chandrapur districts, Vidarbha, Maharashtra, and adjoining Adilabad, Telangana | the threshing post; the bull At Landgi Pod the whole region around Orion is a threshing floor: the post Medi, the bull Tandel or Aidal walking round it, and the ground between them the Kalave. | tribal |
| Tipan / Trivpate | Kolami Kolam villages of Yavatmal and Chandrapur districts, Vidarbha, Maharashtra, and adjoining Adilabad, Telangana | a seed drill — the implement used to sow Nine of ten villages. | tribal |
| Bhori Aakom | Korku Melghat, Amravati district, Maharashtra, and adjoining Betul and Khandwa districts, Madhya Pradesh | 'the bird's eggs' Given twice in the same table with two different identifications — Meissa and its neighbours (magnitude 3.50), and, as an alternate, Wezen and Adhara (1.80 and 1.50). | tribal |
| Doba 1 | Korku Melghat, Amravati district, Maharashtra, and adjoining Betul and Khandwa districts, Madhya Pradesh | 'the first bullock' Magnitude 0.15. | tribal |
| Doba 2 | Korku Melghat, Amravati district, Maharashtra, and adjoining Betul and Khandwa districts, Madhya Pradesh | 'the second bullock' Magnitude 2.05. | tribal |
| Michan | Korku Melghat, Amravati district, Maharashtra, and adjoining Betul and Khandwa districts, Madhya Pradesh | 'the rope by which the bulls are controlled' Magnitude 3.15. | tribal |
| Nangarnara manus | Korku Melghat, Amravati district, Maharashtra, and adjoining Betul and Khandwa districts, Madhya Pradesh | 'the man ploughing the field' Magnitude 0.45. | tribal |
| Halni / Halini / Harini | Lambadi (Banjara) Banjara tandas of Vidarbha, Maharashtra (villages in the Nagpur–Amravati–Yavatmal region) | 'a doe, a deer' Reported in all six villages. | tribal |
| Tiruvatira (Ardra star) | Malayalam Kerala (Malabar, Cochin, Travancore) | Ethnographic confirmation that the asterism, not merely the festival name, is what Kerala reckons by: Thurston lists it among the Nambūtiri Brahman observances of the year, fixed to the month of Dhanu, preceded by seven days of pre-dawn bathing and kept as a night vigil by husband and wife. | borrowed |
| ഇന്വകകള് invakakaḷ | Malayalam Kerala (Malabar, Cochin, Travancore) | — | borrowed |
| മകയിരം makayiram | Malayalam Kerala (Malabar, Cochin, Travancore) | — | borrowed |
| ആതിര / തിരുവാതിര ātira / tiruvātira | Malayalam Kerala (Malabar, Cochin, Travancore) | തിരു- is the honorific 'sacred, holy' The most socially prominent asterism in Kerala. Tiruvātira in Dhanu is a women's festival of Śiva; the Tiruvātira ñāṟṟu at the start of Mithunam is the planting period at the burst of the south-west monsoon (Gundert s.v. ഞാറു, p. 412). | borrowed |
| Nongsawthaimangchhangpa | Mara (Lakher) the Lakher country, southern Lushai Hills (now southern Mizoram) and the Chin Hills | A mother sat down to teach her daughter to weave; a tiger came to eat them; the young men of the village gathered to protect them; and the great eclipse turned the two women, the tiger and the young men all into stars. | tribal |
| Mrig | Marathi Bombay Presidency (Deccan and Konkan) | reaches the zenith at midnight on a fixed day, which is how the lunar months are named | borrowed |
| मृग mṛga | Marathi Maharashtra | deer, antelope Pr. मृगाचे अधीं पेरावें आणि बोंबेचे अधीं पळावें — 'sow before Mṛg, run before the shout'; the onset of the monsoon in Maharashtra is dated to this asterism | borrowed |
| मृगशितळाई mṛgaśitaḷāī | Marathi Maharashtra | the Mṛga-coolness the damp chill at the break of the monsoon, under the Mṛga rains | folk |
| Chho-hrei-vûng | Mizo (Lushai) the Lushai Hills, Assam (now Mizoram) | — | tribal |
| Si-mei-talh | Mizo (Lushai) the Lushai Hills, Assam (now Mizoram) | — | tribal |
| Si-va-hluk | Mizo (Lushai) the Lushai Hills, Assam (now Mizoram) | — | tribal |
| cuṭu gutu'keḍ ipil | Mundari Chota Nagpur plateau, Ranchi district, Jharkhand | the one who has spitted the mice The ploughman's small son, who has skewered the two mice on a splinter of bamboo to roast them; the three stars lie on a straight line. | tribal |
| cuṭu ipilkiŋ | Mundari Chota Nagpur plateau, Ranchi district, Jharkhand | the two mice stars Mice turned up by the ploughshare in the tableau; roasted mice are a much-coveted delicacy. | tribal |
| nahel ipil | Mundari Chota Nagpur plateau, Ranchi district, Jharkhand | the plough star In the version heard in villages south of Ranchi, where the belt is the yoke Siṅgboṅga was chiselling, the plough itself is Rigel. | tribal |
| siṭan ipil | Mundari Chota Nagpur plateau, Ranchi district, Jharkhand | the ploughing star Rigel is the ploughman himself, standing a little behind his team; Hoffmann notes the four stars form an elongated isosceles triangle with Rigel at the apex, which is what suggested the ploughman's stance. | tribal |
| आद्र ādra | Newar (Nepal Bhasa) the Kathmandu valley | Malla cites a manuscript of Nepal Saṃvat 509 — 1389 CE — and derives it from Sanskrit ārdrā. | borrowed |
| ଅଦ୍ରାବଳି Adrābaḻi | Odia Odisha (rustic/colloquial) | 'the Ārdrā-row' — the string of stars containing Ārdrā Marked ଗ୍ରା. (grāmya, rustic). The variants ଆର୍ଦ୍ରାବଳି Ārdrābaḻi (p. 814, marked ଦେ. deśī, sense 4 'The constellation of orion') and ଅରାବଳି Arābaḻī (p. 564, ଦେ. 'ଆର୍ଦ୍ରାବଳି; କାଳପୁରୁଷ ନକ୍ଷତ୍ରପୁଞ୍ଜ — The constellation of Orion') give the same word at three degrees of erosion. | folk |
| କାଳପୁରୁଷ Kāḻapurusha | Odia Odisha | 'the man of Kāla / Death' — Praharaj's gloss makes the body black: 'the black bodied hideous messenger of the God of Death' The Odia entry is the one that preserves the colour term the Bengali dictionary drops, and it also anatomises the figure: head = Mṛgaśirā, one shoulder = Ārdrā, waist-belt = the three stars Ilwaḻā; another name Agrahāyaṇī. | vernacular |
| କାଳପୁରୁଷର ଡାହାଣ ଖୁଆ ମୁଣ୍ଡି Kāḻapurushara ḍāhāṇa khuā muṇḍi | Odia Odisha | 'the knob of Kālapuruṣa's right shoulder' Given as the Odia or native name of Ārdrā — that is, the sixth nakṣatra is identified for an Odia reader not by a Sanskrit epithet but by its place on the Kālapuruṣa figure. The same note names Mṛgaśirā 'ଓଡ଼ିଆ ବା ଦେଶୀୟ ନାମ—କାଳପୁରୁଷର ମୁଣ୍ଡ', the head of Kālapuruṣa. | vernacular |
| ମୟୂରତୁଣ୍ଡ Mayūratuṇḍa | Odia Odisha | 'the peacock's beak' Stars 9-13 of Praharaj's Orion diagram, identified in the same entry as σ, 42, θ, ι and υ Orionis and as 'Orion's dagger'. | borrowed |
| ସୌମ୍ୟ Sa̲u̲mya | Odia Odisha | 'belonging to Soma' Praharaj counts five stars on the top of the figure where the Sanskrit sources count three. | borrowed |
| Bo kutrya, Don kutre | Pardhi fourteen Pardhi villages of the Amravati and Yeotmal districts, Vidarbha, Maharashtra, surveyed 2016-2018 | 'two hunting dogs' Recorded in one village. | tribal |
| pardhi, Bawari, Waghari | Pardhi fourteen Pardhi villages of the Amravati and Yeotmal districts, Vidarbha, Maharashtra, surveyed 2016-2018 | 'a person of the Pardhi tribe' The hunter of the Orion hunting-scene. Bawari and Waghari are the tribe's own names for itself: the paper records that in the Pardhi language they call themselves Waagharis. | tribal |
| traṅgar | Punjabi Jhang District and Multan, western Punjab | 'the wide-meshed pack-net' The same net-word applied to a second star-group. Which part of Orion is meant is not specified beyond 'the upper part', so the identification is deliberately loose here. | folk |
| गजबीथी gajabīthī | Rajasthani Rajasthan generally (Lalas does not dialect-mark this headword) | 'the elephant road' Lalas defines it as the group of Rohiṇī, Mṛgaśirā and Ārdrā considered as the road through the middle of which Venus travels. A separate headword, नक्षत्रवीथि nakṣatravīthi (p. 1983), sets out the whole scheme of nine vīthīs, three nakshatras each, and cites Devala and Kāśyapa by name as differing authorities. | borrowed |
| इल्वला ilvalā | Rajasthani Rajasthan generally (Lalas does not dialect-mark this headword) | Lalas defines it as the group of five stars that sits on the head of the Mṛgaśirā nakshatra. | borrowed |
| म्रिगसिरा mrigasirā | Rajasthani Rajasthan generally (Lalas does not dialect-mark this headword) | Lalas gives four further Rajasthani forms at the same headword — मरगसरा maragasarā, मिरगसरा miragasarā, म्रगसिर mragasira and म्रगसिरा mragasirā — and the rain-couplets under आदरा ādarā use the miragasarā form, so this is the shape the word has in actual proverb. | borrowed |
| आदरा ādarā | Rajasthani Rajasthan generally (Lalas does not dialect-mark this headword) | The entry is five weather-couplets and almost nothing else, which is the finding: wind in Ārdrā sets the huts rocking; rain in Ārdrā fills only the gullies while rain in Punarvasu fills the tanks; no rain in Ārdrā and no wind in Mṛgaśira means certain famine; not a drop in Kṛttikā and Ārdrā means famine and disorder; fierce heat in Rohiṇī with strong wind in Mṛgaśira means Ārdrā will thunder unasked. Three of the five invoke Bhaḍḍaḷī by name as the authority. A second form आदरियौ ādariyau on the same page carries a sixth: one rain in Ārdrā and the cultivator is content. | borrowed |
| Apo kesowa (C) | Rengma Naga the Rengma country, Naga Hills (now Nagaland), and the Mikir Hills | 'first attacker' | tribal |
| Asi kekewa (C) | Rengma Naga the Rengma country, Naga Hills (now Nagaland), and the Mikir Hills | 'the followers' | tribal |
| Byenyu (A) | Rengma Naga the Rengma country, Naga Hills (now Nagaland), and the Mikir Hills | 'the strangers' The travellers going up to the village in single file, whom the sentries are waiting to kill. | tribal |
| Wachi asükuwa (B) | Rengma Naga the Rengma country, Naga Hills (now Nagaland), and the Mikir Hills | 'ambush stars' | tribal |
| Muwa-sirasa (muvasirasa) | Sinhala Sri Lanka | 'deer's head' — Clough parses it, 'මුව and සිරස head' | borrowed |
| மும்மீன் mu-m-mīṉ | Tamil Tamil Nadu | three-star, the three stars A Tamil counting-name, from மூ 'three', for the asterism the Sanskrit tradition calls 'the deer's head'. Recorded by the Tivākaram, the oldest surviving Tamil glossary. | vernacular |
| திருவாதிரை tiru-v-ātirai | Tamil Tamil Nadu | holy Ātirai (Skt. ārdrā), with the Tamil honorific tiru- The only Tamil word the Lexicon's English side returns for a search on 'Orion'. It is the Sanskrit Ārdrā with the Tamil honorific prefixed, and it carries a Śaiva festival and a girl's pre-marriage rite with it. | borrowed |
| జాబిలిరిక్క jābili-rikka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the moon's star Built on jābili, the native Telugu word for the moon. | vernacular |
| పగడపురిక్క pagaḍapu-rikka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the coral star A colour name. | vernacular |
| Pŏdimīn | Toda Nilgiri hills, Tamil Nadu | porcupine star The sword stars are a porcupine, and the three stars of the belt are trying to escape from it. | tribal |
| جبار jabbār | Urdu Urdu, from Arabic | 'the giant, the mighty one' Arabic al-jabbār, the giant - one of the two Arabic names of Orion that Urdu inherits. Platts files it in the same entry as the divine epithet 'Omnipotent', which is how the word is otherwise met in Urdu. | vernacular |
| جوزا jauzā | Urdu Urdu, from Arabic | Arabic al-jawzāʼ In Urdu jauzā covers both the zodiac sign Gemini and the constellation Orion - the classical Arabic ambiguity carried over whole. Fallon (p. 1072) gives it as the Arabic equivalent of Hindi mithun, Gemini. | vernacular |
Sources
- Candrakanta Abhidhana (Assamese-Assamese-English), 2nd ed., Guwahati: Guwahati Bisbabidyalaya for the Assam Sahitya Sabha, 1962 (DSAL digital ed.), s.v. কালপুৰুষ kālapuruṣa, p. 210 link
- Sir Graves Champney Haughton, A Dictionary, Bengáli and Sanskrit, explained in English, London: printed by J. L. Cox and Son, 1833, s.v. ইলবকা / ইলবলা, p. 419 link
- Jñānendramohana Dāsa, Bāṅgālā Bhāṣāra Abhidhāna, 2nd rev. ed., Kalikātā: Indian Publishing House [bhūmikā 1937] (DSAL digital ed.), s.v. কালপুরুষ kālapuruṣa, p. 512 link
- Sailendra Biswas, Samsad Bengali-English Dictionary, 3rd ed., Calcutta: Sahitya Samsad, 2000 (DSAL digital ed.), s.v. কালপুরুষ kālapuruṣa, p. 231 link
- Shreya Shetye, Ganesh Halkare and Aniket Sule, 'Bhil, Pawra and Kokna astronomy', Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 26(2), 441-468 (2023), p. 462 link
- Verrier Elwin, The Baiga (London: John Murray, 1939), p. 334 link
- Russell & Hiralal, The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India (1916), vol. II, article 'Dhuri', p. 529 link
- Hassan Ahmed Maniku, A Concise Etymological Vocabulary of Dhivehi Language, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka, Special Volume XLIV (Colombo, 2000), s.v. miahelia, p. 174 link
- Vahia & Halkare, 'Aspects of Gond Astronomy', Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 16(1), 29-44 (2013); preprint arXiv:1306.2416 link
- Pandit Ram Gharib Chaube, 'The Harina Harin Stars', North Indian Notes and Queries, vol. V (1895-96), note 517 link
- Kittel, F., A Kannaḍa-English Dictionary (orig. Mangalore: Basel Mission, 1894); cited from the revised and enlarged edition, [Madras] University of Madras, 1968-71, as keyed for DSAL, s.v. ಇಲ್ವಲೆಗಳ್ ilvalegaḷ, p. 206 link
- Kittel, F., A Kannaḍa-English Dictionary (orig. Mangalore: Basel Mission, 1894); cited from the revised and enlarged edition, [Madras] University of Madras, 1968-71, as keyed for DSAL, s.v. ಆಗ್ರಹಾಯಣಿ āgrahāyaṇi, p. 151 link
- Kittel, F., A Kannaḍa-English Dictionary (orig. Mangalore: Basel Mission, 1894); cited from the revised and enlarged edition, [Madras] University of Madras, 1968-71, as keyed for DSAL, s.v. ಆರಿದ್ರ āridra, p. 168 link
- M.N. Vahia, Ganesh Halkare, Kishore Menon and Harini Calamur, 'The astronomy of two Indian tribes: the Banjaras and the Kolams', Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 17(1), 65-84 (2014), Appendix 1.2.6 (Landgi Pod), p. 82 link
- M.N. Vahia, Ganesh Halkare, Kishore Menon and Harini Calamur, 'The astronomy of two Indian tribes: the Banjaras and the Kolams', Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 17(1), 65-84 (2014), Table 2, p. 71 link
- M.N. Vahia, Ganesh Halkare and Purushottam Dahedar, 'Astronomy of the Korku tribe of India', Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 19(2), 216-232 (2016), Table 2, p. 221 link
- M.N. Vahia, Ganesh Halkare, Kishore Menon and Harini Calamur, 'The astronomy of two Indian tribes: the Banjaras and the Kolams', Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 17(1), 65-84 (2014), Table 1, p. 69 link
- Thurston & Rangachari, Castes and Tribes of Southern India (Madras, 1909), vol. V, s.v. Nambutiri Brahman, pp. 194–195 link
- Gundert, A Malayalam and English Dictionary (1872), s.v. ഇന്വകകള് invakakaḷ, p. 108 link
- Gundert, A Malayalam and English Dictionary (1872), s.v. മകയിരം makayiram, p. 769 link
- Gundert, A Malayalam and English Dictionary (1872), s.v. ആതിര ātira, p. 79 link
- N.E. Parry, The Lakhers (London: Macmillan, 1932), p. 494 link
- R. E. Enthoven, The Folklore of Bombay (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924), p. 64 link
- J. T. Molesworth, A Dictionary, Marathi and English, 2nd ed. rev. and enl. (Bombay: Bombay Education Society's Press, 1857), s.v. मृग, p. 663 link
- J. T. Molesworth, A Dictionary, Marathi and English, 2nd ed. rev. and enl. (Bombay: Bombay Education Society's Press, 1857), s.v. मृगशितळाई, p. 663 link
- J. Herbert Lorrain, Dictionary of the Lushai Language, Bibliotheca Indica Work No. 261 (Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, 1940), s.v. Chho-hrei-vûng, p. 81 link
- J. Herbert Lorrain, Dictionary of the Lushai Language, Bibliotheca Indica Work No. 261 (Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, 1940), s.v. Si-mei-talh, p. 418 link
- J. Herbert Lorrain, Dictionary of the Lushai Language, Bibliotheca Indica Work No. 261 (Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, 1940), s.v. Si-va-hluk, p. 419 link
- Hoffmann, Encyclopaedia Mundarica, vol. III, s.v. cuṭu gutu'keḍ ipil, col. 936 link
- Hoffmann, Encyclopaedia Mundarica, vol. III, s.v. cuṭu ipilkiŋ, col. 936; also vol. VII s.v. ipil col. 1920 link
- Hoffmann, Encyclopaedia Mundarica, vol. VII, s.v. ipil, cols. 1919-1925 link
- Kamal P. Malla et al., A Dictionary of Classical Newari, Compiled from Manuscript Sources (Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Dictionary Committee, 2000), s.v. आद्र, p. 18 link
- G. C. Praharaj, Purnnachandra Ordia Bhashakosha: a lexicon of the Oriya language, Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931-1940 (DSAL digital ed.), s.v. ଅଦ୍ରାବଳି Adrābaḻi, p. 236 link
- G. C. Praharaj, Purnnachandra Ordia Bhashakosha: a lexicon of the Oriya language, Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931-1940 (DSAL digital ed.), s.v. କାଳପୁରୁଷ Kāḻapurusha, p. 1552 link
- G. C. Praharaj, Purnnachandra Ordia Bhashakosha: a lexicon of the Oriya language, Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931-1940 (DSAL digital ed.), s.v. ନକ୍ଷତ୍ର Nakshatra, note on the 6th asterism ଆର୍ଦ୍ରା, p. 4095 link
- G. C. Praharaj, Purnnachandra Ordia Bhashakosha: a lexicon of the Oriya language, Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931-1940 (DSAL digital ed.), s.v. ନକ୍ଷତ୍ର Nakshatra, note item 36 କାଳପୁରୁଷ ପୁଞ୍ଜ, p. 4095 link
- G. C. Praharaj, Purnnachandra Ordia Bhashakosha: a lexicon of the Oriya language, Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931-1940 (DSAL digital ed.), s.v. ସୌମ୍ୟ Sa̲u̲mya, p. 8756 link
- Ganesh Halkare, Purushottam Dahedar, Wayne Orchiston and M.N. Vahia, 'Astronomy of the Pardhi tribe of central India', Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 22(1), 179-194 (2019), Table 5, pp. 184-185 link
- M. Longworth Dames, 'Names for the Great Bear', Panjab Notes and Queries, vol. II (Feb. 1885), note 522, p. 84 link
- Sītārāṃma Lāḷasa, Rājasthānī Sabada Kośa, 2nd ed. (Jodhpur: Rājasthānī Śodha Saṃsthāna, Caupāsanī, 2013), s.v. गजबीथी, p. 670 link
- Sītārāṃma Lāḷasa, Rājasthānī Sabada Kośa, 2nd ed. (Jodhpur: Rājasthānī Śodha Saṃsthāna, Caupāsanī, 2013), s.v. इल्वला, p. 250 link
- Sītārāṃma Lāḷasa, Rājasthānī Sabada Kośa, 2nd ed. (Jodhpur: Rājasthānī Śodha Saṃsthāna, Caupāsanī, 2013), s.v. म्रिगसिरा, p. 3945 link
- Sītārāṃma Lāḷasa, Rājasthānī Sabada Kośa, 2nd ed. (Jodhpur: Rājasthānī Śodha Saṃsthāna, Caupāsanī, 2013), s.v. आदरा, p. 201 link
- J.P. Mills, The Rengma Nagas (London: Macmillan, 1937), p. 244 link
- J.P. Mills, The Rengma Nagas (London: Macmillan, 1937), p. 244–245 link
- Clough, A Sinhalese-English Dictionary (Colombo, 1892), s.v. Muwa-sirasa, p. 493 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. மும்மீன், vol. V p. 3272, citing the Tivākaram link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. திருவாதிரை, vol. IV p. 1917, citing the Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. జాబిల్లి ḍzābilli, p. 481 link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. పగడపు జిట్ట pagaḍapu-jiṭṭa, p. 695 link
- Rivers, The Todas (1906), p. 594 link
- John T. Platts, A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English (London, 1884), s.v. jabbār, p. 375 link
- John T. Platts, A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English (London, 1884), s.v. jauzā, p. 397 link
